Further characterization of diabetes mellitus and body weight loss in males of the congenic mouse strain DDD.Cg-Ay

The A^y allele at the agouti locus causes obesity and promotes linear growth in mice. However, body weight gain stops between 16 and 17 weeks after birth, and then, body weight decreases gradually in DDD.Cg-A^y male mice. Body weight loss is a consequence of diabetes mellitus, which is genetically controlled mainly by a quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome 4. This study aimed to further characterize diabetes mellitus and body weight loss in DDD.Cg-A^y males. The number of β-cells was markedly reduced, and plasma insulin levels were very low in the DDD.Cg-A^y males. Using a backcross progeny of DDD × (B6 × DDD.Cg-A^y) F₁-A^y, we identified one significant QTL for plasma insulin levels on distal chromosome 4, which was coincidental with QTL for hyperglycemia and lower body weight. The DDD allele was associated with decreased plasma insulin levels. When the DDD.Cg-A^y males were housed under three different housing conditions [group housing (4 or 5 DDD.Cg-A^y and DDD males), individual housing (single DDD.Cg-A^y male) and single male housing with females (single DDD.Cg-A^y male with DDD.Cg-A^y or DDD females)], diabetes mellitus and body weight loss were most severely expressed in individually housed mice. Thus, the severity of diabetes and body weight loss in the DDD.Cg-A^y males was strongly influenced by the housing conditions. These results demonstrate that both genetic and nongenetic environmental factors are involved in the development of diabetes mellitus and body weight loss in the DDD.Cg-A^y males.     

Expression and inheritance of isozymes in Brassica species and in their interspecific hybrids

Abstract

Gene expression was analysed by means of isozyme electrophoresis for three diploid species Brassica rapa (genome AA), B. nigra (BB), and B. oleracea/ B. oleracea var. alboglabra (CC), three amphidiploids B. juncea (AABB), B. napus (AACC) and B. carinata (BBCC), and in 15 interspecific hybrids from crosses within and between the diploids and the amphidiploids. Five enzyme systems were assessed: glucosephosphate isomerase, leucine aminopeptidase, phosphoglucomutase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase. Alleles descending from the diploid species were found both in natural and artificially produced amphidiploids. No effect of reciprocal crosses was observed. i.e., the Brassica isozymes were under nuclear gene control. Mendelian segregation in the F₂ generation from crossing two resynthesized B. napus was observed for the loci glucosephosphate isomerase-2 and phosphoglucomutase-3. Genome-specific alleles were identified for several loci. No alteration in the allelic expression of isozymes was found when assembling all three Brassica genomes in the trigenomic interspecific hybrids. Moreover, trigenomic hybrids were capable of disclosing a silent allele of leucine aminopeptidase from B. carinata, and thus in this study the capability of isozyme analysis for detecting hidden variation was demonstrated.     

Effect of marker‐data editing on the accuracy of genomic prediction

Genomic selection is a method to predict breeding values using genome‐wide single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. High‐quality marker data are necessary for genomic selection. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of marker‐editing criteria on the accuracy of genomic predictions in the Nordic Holstein and Jersey populations. Data included 4429 Holstein and 1071 Jersey bulls. In total, 48 222 SNP for Holstein and 44 305 SNP for Jersey were polymorphic. The SNP data were edited based on (i) minor allele frequencies (MAF) with thresholds of no limit, 0.001, 0.01, 0.02, 0.05 and 0.10, (ii) deviations from Hardy–Weinberg proportions (HWP) with thresholds of no limit, chi‐squared p‐values of 0.001, 0.02, 0.05 and 0.10, and (iii) GenCall (GC) scores with thresholds of 0.15, 0.55, 0.60, 0.65 and 0.70. The marker data sets edited with different criteria were used for genomic prediction of protein yield, fertility and mastitis using a Bayesian variable selection and a GBLUP model. De‐regressed EBV were used as response variables. The result showed little difference between prediction accuracies based on marker data sets edited with MAF and deviation from HWP. However, accuracy decreased with more stringent thresholds of GC score. According to the results of this study, it would be appropriate to edit data with restriction of MAF being between 0.01 and 0.02, a p‐value of deviation from HWP being 0.05, and keeping all individual SNP genotypes having a GC score over 0.15.     

中国大麦地方品种的遗传多样性及α-淀粉酶活性的 全基因组关联分析

【目的】了解中国大麦地方品种的遗传多样性,为大麦α-淀粉酶活性基因寻找有效的分子标记。【方法】利用覆盖全基因组的41对简单重复序列（SSR）标记引物,对257份中国大麦地方品种进行PCR扩增;采用Nei’s遗传距离和邻接（neighbour-joining）法进行聚类分析;在对群体结构和连锁不平衡分析的基础上,进行基于全基因组的表型与基因型的关联分析。【结果】共鉴定出709个等位变异,平均每个位点的等位变异数为17个。41个SSR标记位点的多态性信息指数（PI）变化范围为0.23（Bmag 0385）—0.94（Bmac0032）,平均为0.6385。257个中国大麦地方品种聚合成9个不同的结构类群,发现5个与大麦α-淀粉酶活性显著关联的标记位点。【结论】中国大麦地方品种中蕴藏着丰富的遗传等位变异;各类群的特性和品种来源符合“遗传关系密切、表型特征特性相同、地理生态相近”的同类群聚集规律。在5个关联位点中,位于7H染色体上的Bmag0385位点,其等位变异A215的酶活增强效应最大;此外,7H上Bmac0273的等位变异A141的增效作用较大,可用于啤酒大麦育种的分子标记辅助选择。     

甜樱桃DFR基因内含子2和内含子3的多态性

【目的】研究70个甜樱桃品种DFR基因多态性与果皮颜色的相关性。【方法】通过DNA序列分析,以不同果皮颜色的10个甜樱桃品种（Prunus avium L.）为材料,检测DFR基因的多态性。根据多态性出现的位点设计特异引物,通过PCR扩增检测70个甜樱桃品种DFR基因的多态性。【结果】获得甜樱桃DFR基因约1 kb的片段,测序结果用BLAST分析发现,其核苷酸序列与樱桃李（Prunus cerasifera）的核苷酸相似性为80 %,预测的氨基酸序列与已知的甜樱桃（P. avium）DFR氨基酸序列相似性达99 %。该片段由3个外显子和3个内含子组成,2个多态性位点分别在内含子2和内含子3上。在黄色、黄底红晕和红色果皮3个组的70个甜樱桃品种中发现3个单倍型,共5种单倍型组合。通过SAS 9.0软件分析发现,所检测到的DFR基因的等位基因频率在黄底红晕果皮品种组和红色品种果皮组中的分布无显著差异。【结论】本研究在甜樱桃DFR基因座上得到2个差异位点,分别在内含子2和内含子3内,其优势基因频率依次为：0.864和0.679;但未发现DFR基因内含子2和内含子3的多态性与果皮颜色之间存在直接关系。     

大白菜雄性不育复等位基因的发现与利用

介绍了大白菜雄性不育复等位基因的发现过程,以及"大白菜核基因雄性不育复等位基因遗传假说"的验证试验结果。提出了不育系的应用模式,介绍了品种、变种和亚种间复等位基因型雄性不育系转育研究结果,以及不育基因分子标记、定位及表达的研究进展。     

采用分子标记构建新疆野苹果核心种质的方法

 【目的】探讨分子水平构建核心种质的方法,为新疆野苹果核心种质的构建提供方法。【方法】以109个新疆野苹果实生株系的128个SSR位点为材料,根据Nei &; Li、SM和Jaccard遗传距离,采用UPGMA聚类法进行多次聚类,以随机取样策略为对照取样策略,应用位点优先取样策略,研究新疆野苹果核心种质构建的方法。采用丢失的等位基因数以及对Nei’s基因多样度和香农信息指数进行t检验来评价核心种质的代表性。【结果】与对照随机取样策略比较,位点优先取样策略能构建一个更有代表性的核心种质。SM、Jaccard和Nei &; Li遗传距离构建的新疆野苹果核心种质无明显区别。采用SRAP数据和表型数据分析显示,位点优先取样策略是一种较好的构建新疆野苹果核心种质的方法。【结论】采用位点优先法,根据SM、Jaccard或Nei &; Li遗传距离进行多次聚类,是较适宜的构建新疆野苹果核心种质的方法。     

影响水稻株高和剑叶宽主效QTL对人工选择的响应

 利用粳稻Lemont导入籼稻特青背景构建的高代回交导入系和重组自交系群体,在北京和海南两地检测影响株高和剑叶宽的稳定表达的主效QTL,分析这些主效QTL在导入系和重组自交系群体的不同选择强度（5%、10%和20%）的极端群体中的等位基因偏离,研究不同性状的主效QTL对不同选择强度的响应及不同遗传结构群体对主效QTL人工选择响应的影响。结果表明,导入系的选择群体中所有主效QTL等位基因的偏离方向都使得供体等位基因频率增加,等位基因产生偏离的性状选择方向及供体等位基因的偏离方向与基因的加性效应方向完全一致,而重组自交系的选择群体中主效QTL等位基因的偏离既有供体等位基因增加的,也有等位基因降低的,两种群体中不同性状的主效QTL等位基因偏离与选择强度密切相关。通过比较不同群体结构的主效QTL定位及对选择响应的异同,发现一些假阳性QTL和在随机作图群体中漏检的QTL,强调作图群体QTL定位结果验证的重要性。鉴于不同群体、不同性状和不同主效QTL的选择响应特点,对不同主效QTL在基于常规表型选择和分子标记辅助选择回交育种中的利用价值及注意事项进行了探讨。     

Selection pressure effects on the proportion and movement of resistance alleles introgressed from wheat in Aegilops cylindrica

In winter wheat in the USA, Aegilops cylindrica is one of the most troublesome weeds, while the pathogen Oculimacula spp. causes foot rot disease. Imazamox‐resistant (IR) and foot rot‐resistant (FR) wheat cultivars represent effective tools to control the weed and prevent disease infection. However, resistance allele (RA) movement between wheat and A. cylindrica facilitates the introgression process under herbicide and disease selection pressure. Field experiments using IR and FR A. cylindrica plants intermixed with susceptible plants were conducted to measure the proportion of the RAs in the progeny and RA movement with and without herbicide and disease selection. Yield components of A. cylindrica plants were determined across treatments. The herbicide RA proportion in the progeny was greater when plants were treated with the herbicide imazamox in both years. Disease RA proportion was greater with disease occurrence only in one year. Herbicide RA movement from resistant to susceptible plants was greater with herbicide than without it only in one year. Plants carrying the RAs had greater total spikelet weight and 1000‐spikelet weight compared with susceptible plants with or without selection. However, susceptible plants produced more spikelets than the resistant ones in the absence of selection. If plants within an A. cylindrica population acquire the herbicide RA, its proportion will increase each generation under selection. These findings contribute to the understanding of crop allele introgression into related species and the evolution of increased weediness, with weed management implications.     

陆地棉吐絮率的限制性两阶段多位点全基因组关联分析及候选基因预测

[目的]吐絮率是反映陆地棉(Gossypium hirsutum L.)早熟性状的重要指标之一,利用全基因组关联分析(genome-wide association study,GWAS)解析吐絮率的QTL(quantitative trait locus)及其遗传效应,为陆地棉早熟性状的分子育种提供理论基础.[方法]...