多菌种联合发酵饲料对肉鸡抗沙门氏菌感染能力的影响

旨在探明发酵饲料对肉鸡抗沙门氏菌感染的影响。将50只1日龄中速黄羽肉鸡随机分为5个处理组,对照组、模型对照组饲喂基础饲粮(基础日粮+10%未发酵饲料),抗生素对照组在基础饲粮中添加20 mg·kg^-1硫酸粘杆菌素,5%发酵组、10%发酵组分别用5%、10%发酵饲料替代基础饲粮中的未发酵饲料。肉鸡13日龄时,对照组连续2 d口腔灌服400 μL无菌水,其他组连续2 d口腔灌服400 μL沙门氏菌液(1×10⁹ CFU·mL^-1)。肉鸡15日龄时进行屠宰,取血清测定促炎因子(IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α)、内毒素(LPS)、D-乳酸(D-LA)水平,取结肠进行HE染色观察结肠形态,取结肠黏膜测定TLR4路径关键信号分子的基因表达量。结果表明,沙门氏菌感染导致肉鸡血清促炎因子(IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α)水平显著上升,TLR4信号通路中的关键信号分子(TLR4、MyD88、TRAF6、NF-κB)mRNA相对表达量显著上升,血清LPS、D-LA水平显著上升,而抗生素组、5%发酵组、10%发酵组的这些指标均有不同程度的改善,表明多菌种联合发酵饲料能够改善沙门氏菌感染导致的炎症反应和肠道屏障受损,效果接近20 mg·kg^-1硫酸粘杆菌素。     

禁抗后仔猪细菌性腹泻的临床诊断与防治

为了促进食品安全和养猪业的健康发展，禁止在饲料中使用促生长抗生素势在必行。随着我国的饲料禁抗相关法规的推行，饲料企业被严格禁止在饲料生产过程中加入抗生素，这也导致了猪场疾病尤其是肠道疾病的高发，而仔猪肠道发育未完全，免疫系统未发育成熟，更容易发生严重的腹泻甚至死亡。文章对几种常见的仔猪细菌性腹泻疾病进行了回顾，病原包括大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、魏氏梭菌，讨论了它们的临床症状与防控措施，为猪场在防控这些细菌性腹泻提供参考。     

中链脂肪酸及其酯对致病菌的抑菌作用

中链脂肪酸甘油酯已经成为抗生素替代物研究的新热点。文章旨在探究月桂酸、单辛酸甘油酯、单月桂酸甘油酯、辛葵酸甘油酯对大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肠炎沙门氏菌和鸡白痢沙门氏菌的抑菌效果。结果显示:月桂酸、单月桂酸甘油酯、单辛酸甘油酯对大肠埃希菌有显著(P<0.05)抑制作用;月桂酸、单月桂酸甘油酯、单辛酸甘油酯、辛葵酸甘油酯对金黄色葡萄球菌有显著(P<0.05)抑制作用;月桂酸、单月桂酸甘油酯、单辛酸甘油酯、辛葵酸甘油酯对肠炎沙门氏菌有显著(P<0.05)抑制作用;月桂酸、单月桂酸甘油酯、单辛酸甘油酯对鸡白痢沙门氏菌有显著(P<0.05)抑制作用。其中,月桂酸、单月桂酸甘油酯、单辛酸甘油酯对4种致病菌的作用效果随时间延长而增强。     

肯塔基沙门菌对氟喹诺酮和碳青霉烯类药物耐药性研究进展

肯塔基沙门菌（Salmonella Kentucky）是继鼠伤寒沙门菌和肠炎沙门菌后又一与人类肠道疾病相关的沙门菌血清型，因其获得和传播耐药性的能力较强而逐渐引起关注。该血清型沙门菌按照多位点序列分型分得的众多亚型中，ST198血清亚型具有易获得耐药突变的基因组岛的特性，21世纪以来不断进化，除获得常见抗菌药物耐药基因外，还相继获得对氟喹诺酮类和碳青霉烯类药物的耐药性并扩散全球，造成临床上难以治疗的病例而引起世界卫生组织的关注。作者整理了肯塔基沙门菌的进化历程，着重阐述肯塔基沙门菌关于氟喹诺酮类及碳青霉烯类药物的耐药情况及耐药机制，以期为中国沙门菌的实验室防控监测系统提供理论依据。     

表达RGD和MEL重组沙门氏菌的构建及其对B16细胞凋亡作用的研究

为研究融合表达肿瘤靶向肽(RGD)和蜂毒肽(MEL)双基因重组减毒沙门氏菌对小鼠黑色素瘤B16细胞的体外抑瘤作用,本实验将RGD-MEL基因片段克隆至pEGFP-N1载体,将重组载体导入减毒沙门氏菌LH430,构建了重组沙门氏菌LH430/pEGFP-RGD-MEL,经PCR技术、质粒双酶切鉴定后采用阳性重组菌株侵染体外培养的小鼠黑色素瘤B16细胞,提取细胞总RNA经反转录后采用PCR检测目的基因RGD-MEL转录情况,western blot检测目的蛋白RGD-MEL以及凋亡蛋白Caspase-3、Bcl2、Bax的表达;流式细胞术检测B16细胞凋亡情况。结果显示:导入RGD-MEL基因的减毒沙门氏菌LH430侵染B16细胞后,目的基因RGD-MEL高效表达;经重组菌株侵染的B16细胞凋亡蛋白Caspase-3、Bcl2、Bax表达水平均显著增高(p<0.05);重组沙门氏菌诱导B16细胞的凋亡作用较PBS组显著增强(p<0.05)。本研究为细胞穿膜肽和细菌联合治疗肿瘤提供实验支持,并为后续动物试验奠定了研究基础。     

Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky recovered from human clinical cases in Maryland,USA (2011–2015)

Salmonella Kentucky is among the most frequently isolated S. enterica serovars from food animals in the United States. Recent research on isolates recovered from these animals suggests there may be geographic and host specificity signatures associated with S. Kentucky strains. However, the sources and genomic features of human clinical S. Kentucky isolated in the United States remain poorly described. To investigate the characteristics of clinical S. Kentucky and the possible sources of these infections, the genomes of all S. Kentucky isolates recovered from human clinical cases in the State of Maryland between 2011 and 2015 (n = 12) were sequenced and compared to a database of 525 previously sequenced S. Kentucky genomes representing 12 sequence types (ST) collected from multiple sources on several continents. Of the 12 human clinical S. Kentucky isolates from Maryland, nine were ST198, two were ST152, and one was ST314. Forty‐one per cent of isolates were recovered from patients reporting recent international travel and 58% of isolates encoded genomic characteristics similar to those originating outside of the United States. Of the five isolates not associated with international travel, three encoded antibiotic resistance genes conferring resistance to tetracycline or aminoglycosides, while two others only encoded the cryptic aac(6′)‐Iaa gene. Five isolates recovered from individuals with international travel histories (ST198) and two for which travel was not recorded (ST198) encoded genes conferring resistance to between 4 and 7 classes of antibiotics. Seven ST198 genomes encoded the Salmonella Genomic Island 1 and substitutions in the gyrA and parC genes known to confer resistance to ciprofloxacin. Case report data on food consumption and travel were, for the most part, consistent with the inferred S. Kentucky phylogeny. Results of this study indicate that the majority of S. Kentucky infections in Maryland are caused by ST198 which may originate outside of North America.     

四川部分区域鸽源沙门菌耐药表型及耐药基因检测

为了解四川省成都市及周边区域鸽源沙门菌的耐药表型及耐药基因携带情况,通过常规细菌分离鉴定并结合PCR方法,获得42株鸽源沙门菌,采用K-B纸片法,选取20种抗生素,对42株鸽源沙门菌进行药敏试验,并结合PCR方法对其耐药基因携带情况进行检测。结果显示:受检菌对链霉素、四环素、多西环素耐药率为88. 1%;对阿莫西林耐药率为83. 3%;对头孢拉定、氨苄西林、萘啶酸的耐药率为81. 0%。42株沙门菌皆有不同程度的多重耐药性,其中33株同时耐4种以上抗生素,占检测菌株的78. 6%(33/42),主要的耐药谱为CTX-CRO-FLO-CPIOFL-AKN。42株沙门菌喹诺酮类耐药基因aac (6')-Ib-cr检出率最高,为88. 09%(37/32);氨基糖苷类耐药基因aadA1、aph (3)Ⅱ、aac(3)Ⅱ检出率分别为80. 95%(34/42)、76. 19%(32/42)、16. 67%(7/42);β-内酰胺类耐药基因blaTEM-1、bla CMY-2检出率分别为42. 86%(18/42)、19. 04%(8/42);四环素类耐药基因tet M、tet A、tet B检出率分别为40. 4%(17/42)、38. 09%(16/42)、9. 52%(4/42);磺胺类耐药基因sul2检出率为80. 95%(34/42);喹诺酮类耐药基因qnrA检出率为38. 09%(16/42)。结果表明:四川省成都市及周边区域鸽源沙门菌存在普遍耐药,且多重耐药较为严重,耐药基因携带率高。     

Nationwide surveillance of salmonella in the faeces of pigs in Japan

The prevalence of faecal carriage of salmonella in 5393 pigs reared on 218 pig farms located in 31 of 47 prefectures in Japan over the period July 2003 to June 2005 was investigated. We isolated 172 strains belonging to 20 serovars and one untypable Salmonella enterica from 169 pig faecal samples (3.1%) collected from 48 farms (22.0%). The most prevalent type of S. enterica was untypable O4,12:d:- which lacks phase 2 flagellar antigen, representing 29.1% (50/172) of all isolates. Of 26 S. enterica serovar Typhimurium isolates, 16 strains appeared to be definitive phage type 104 (DT104) by polymerase chain reaction.     

Genetic diversity,anti‐microbial resistance,plasmid profile and frequency of the Vi antigen in Salmonella Dublin strains isolated in Brazil

Salmonella Dublin is strongly adapted to cattle causing enteritis and/or systemic disease with high rates of mortality. However, it can be sporadically isolated from humans, usually causing serious disease, especially in patients with underlying chronic diseases. The aim of this study was to molecularly type S. Dublin strains isolated from humans and animals in Brazil to verify the diversity of these strains as well as to ascertain possible differences between strains isolated from humans and animals. Moreover, the presence of the capsular antigen Vi and the plasmid profile was characterized in addition to the anti‐microbial resistance against 15 drugs. For this reason, 113 S. Dublin strains isolated between 1983 and 2016 from humans (83) and animals (30) in Brazil were typed by PFGE and MLVA. The presence of the capsular antigen Vi was verified by PCR, and the phenotypic expression of the capsular antigen was determined serologically. Also, a plasmid analysis for each strain was carried out. The strains studied were divided into 35 different PFGE types and 89 MLVA‐types with a similarity of ≥80% and ≥17.5%, respectively. The plasmid sizes found ranged from 2 to >150 kb and none of the strains studied presented the capsular antigen Vi. Resistance or intermediate resistance was found in 23 strains (20.3%) that were resistant to ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, imipenem, nalidixic acid, piperacillin, streptomycin and/or tetracycline. The majority of the S. Dublin strains studied and isolated over a 33‐year period may descend from a common subtype that has been contaminating humans and animals in Brazil and able to cause invasive disease even in the absence of the capsular antigen. The higher diversity of resistance phenotypes in human isolates, as compared with animal strains, may be a reflection of the different anti‐microbial treatments used to control S. Dublin infections in humans in Brazil.     

Salmonella in breeding pigs: Shedding pattern,transmission of infection and the role of environmental contamination in Irish commercial farrow‐to‐finish herds

This study aimed to provide new insights into the epidemiology of Salmonella in pig production, focusing on potential shedding patterns in breeding pigs throughout a full production cycle and the risk of transmission of infection from the sow to her offspring. A longitudinal study was conducted on five farrow‐to‐finish commercial pig farms. In each herd, shedding of Salmonella in faeces was monitored in breeders through service, gestation and lactation. Swabs of the farrowing room floor and pools of faeces from piglets were collected on two occasions during lactation. Environmental pen swabs were also taken in the weaning and finisher houses. Salmonella isolates were serotyped, tested for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and typed by Multiple‐Locus Variable number tandem repeat Analysis (MLVA). Shedding by breeding pigs was low in all stages of the production cycle; 5% of sows shed at service, the production stage with highest risk of shedding (p < .01), 1.6% shed during gestation and 2.5% after farrowing. Salmonella was detected in 4% of piglet faecal pools in the second week post‐farrowing and 5% in the fourth week. Serotyping and AMR profiles of Salmonella isolates revealed that strains in sows and gilts were mostly different from strains isolated in weaner and finisher facilities. MLVA typing confirmed that the source of infection in piglets was in most instances the contaminated environment rather than their dam. Based on the typing results, it appears that sows do not pose a major risk in the maintenance and transmission of Salmonella to their progeny but instead the contaminated pen environment is more significant in the perpetuation of the organism on farm.