The Influence of the Housing System on Salmonella Infections in Laying Hens: A Review

From 2012 onwards, housing of laying hens in conventional battery cages will be forbidden in the European Union and only enriched cages and non‐cage housing systems such as aviaries, floor‐raised, free‐range and organic systems will be allowed. Although this ban aims at improving the welfare of laying hens, it has also initiated the question whether there are any adverse consequences of this decision, especially with respect to the spread and/or persistence of zoonotic agents in a flock. A zoonotic agent that is traditionally associated with the consumption of eggs and egg products is Salmonella enteritidis. This paper provides a summary of the current knowledge regarding the direct and indirect effects of different housing systems on the occurrence and epidemiology of Salmonella in laying hen flocks.     

贵州省猪源沙门氏菌Ⅰ类整合子与耐药基因盒研究

为了调查规模养殖场沙门氏菌中Ⅰ类整合子的流行情况,采用聚合酶链式反应检测了从贵州省规模养猪场分离的57株沙门氏菌中Ⅰ类整合子的携带率以及整合子中耐药基因盒的种类;采用微量肉汤稀释法测定了57株沙门氏菌对12种抗菌药物的敏感性;并应用χ2检验检测Ⅰ类整合子阳性菌株与阴性菌株耐药性的相关性。结果显示,57株沙门氏菌中Ⅰ类整合子检出率为40.4%(23/57);耐药基因盒检出率为31.6%(18/57);整合子中携带可分别介导对氨基糖苷类和磺胺类药物耐药的aad A2、aad A5、aad A22、aad A23b、dfr A1、dfr A12和dfr A17基因;57株沙门氏菌对12种抗菌药物的耐药率不同,Ⅰ类整合子与多重耐药之间有明显的相关性。     

减毒沙门氏菌为载体传递DNA疫苗诱导对新城疫病毒的免疫保护

探讨了以减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏茵为栽体传递新城疫病毒DNA疫苗的安全性、免疫原性和可行性。将含新城疫病毒(NDV)F48E9株融合蛋白(F)基因的真核表达质粒pcDNA3-F的重组减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌ZJ111株(ZJ111／pcD-NA3一F菌株)，以10^8CFU进行首免，2周后二免，三免后4周攻击强毒株F48E9，观察其安全性和免疫原性，同时设只含空载体pcDNA3的ZJ111／pcDNA3菌株对照及口服PBS对照。结果表明：重组ZJ111／pcDNA3-F菌株具有良好的安全性。对强毒株攻击的保护率达64．7％。重组ZJ111／pcDNA3-F菌株不仅能诱导雏鸡产生NDVELISA抗体，而且诱导产生的法氏囊B淋巴细胞和胸腺T淋巴细胞增殖反应显著高于ZJ111／pcDNA3时照组。这些结果提示，减毒沙门氏菌为载体不仅可直接将NDVF基因呈递给鸡体细胞进行表达，产生抗NDV的体液免疫，而且还可诱导细胞免疫应答。     

A retrospective study on salmonella infection in Danish broiler flocks

A retrospective longitudinal study was conducted to identify risk factors associated with Salmonella enterica infection in Danish broiler production. The study was based on information in the antemortem database (AM database) where data were available for all broiler flocks slaughtered over the 2-year period from 1992 to 1993 in Denmark. The AM database contains information collected by the ante-mortem veterinarians, from the slaughterhouses, and from the salmonella examinations carried out at the National Veterinary Laboratory. The epidemiological unit was the individual broiler flock. The salmonella status of the flock was determined by examining the caecal tonsils from 16 3-week-old chickens from each flock. This procedure would detect a salmonella-infected flock, with a probability above 95%, if the prevalence is above 20%. Furthermore, the structure and quality of the collected data have been evaluated.

Fourteen variables were selected for analysis by multivariable logistic regression. An increased risk of salmonella infection in the broiler flocks was associated with the biggest hatcheries and feedmill, with an increasing number of houses on the farm, if the preceding flock was infected, and if the flock was reared in the autumn. Additionally, the main variables of the model were analysed by including a random effect at the house level. This resulted only in minor changes of the parameter estimates.     

Research Progress on Resistance of Salmonella Kentucky to Fluoroquinolones and Carbapenems

Salmonella Kentucky is another Salmonella serotype associated with human intestinal diseases following Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis.It is gradually attracting attention because of its strong ability to acquire and spread drug resistance.Among the many subserotypes of this serotype divided according to the sequence of multiple loci,ST198 subserotype has the characteristics of genomic islands that are easy to obtain drug resistance mutations,and has been evolving since the 21st century.In addition,resistance to fluoroquinolones and carbapenems have been acquired and spread worldwide,causing clinically difficult cases and the concern of the World Health Organization.This article summarizes the evolution of Salmonella Kentucky and highlights the resistance status and mechanism of Salmonella Kentucky with regard to fluoroquinolones and carbapenems,so as to provide a theoretical basis for the laboratory control and monitoring system of Salmonella in China.     

Salmonella abortus ovis (Etude de 112 souches)

The bacteriological examination of 112 strains of Salmonella abortus ovis shows some particular properties of this serotype, and the existence of two different types according to their geographical source.     

HRP直接标记属特异性基因探针检测沙门氏菌的研究

以活化辣根过氧化物酶复合物（ＨＲＰ—ＰＢＱ—ＰＥＩ＋—ＮＨ３＋）直接标记沙门氏菌属特异性ＤＮＡ探针ｐＬＳ２和ｐＬＳ３，探针与靶ＤＮＡ杂交后催化发光底物，经增强型化学发光反应（ＥＣＬ），用普通Ｘ光胶片自显影（ＣＰＤ）检测沙门氏菌。经狭缝杂交（Ｓｌｏｔｂｌｏｔ），该法标记探针均可检测到０．１ｐｇ的纯质粒ＤＮＡ及１０３个未经培养的鼠伤寒沙门氏菌。Ｄｏｔ—ｂｌｏｔ杂交结果证明，ＨＲＰ标记的探针仅与沙门氏菌属细菌杂交，而与试验的其他肠道非沙门氏菌不杂交。本研究表明，ＨＲＰ直接标记基因探针化学发光自显影法检测沙门氏菌，安全、快速、简便，且有高度的敏感性和特异性，是一种有较大应用前景的非放射性标记探针杂交检测方法。     

Dot-ELISA检测猪胴体中沙门氏菌的研究

应用Dot-ELISA法对西宁某猪屠宰点 85份猪胴体进行了沙门氏菌的检测 ,同时采用常规分离培养鉴定技术作对照实验。结果在 85份肉样中 ,Dot-ELISA检出沙门氏菌阳性 6 5份 ,阳性率为 76 .4 7% (6 5 /85 ) ;而常规分离培养鉴定技术检出沙门氏菌阳性 6 7份 ,阳性率为 78.82 % (6 7/85 ) ,此两种方法的阳性符合率为 86 .5 7%。经统计分析 ,两种方法差异不显著 (P >0 .0 5 )。     

表达绿色荧光蛋白的重组减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌感染动力学

用表达绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescent protein，GFP)的重组减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌X4550(pYAGFP)给BALB／c小鼠尾静脉注射和口服，时小鼠脏器进行细菌计数，并用间接ELISA法测定血清中抗细菌的抗体。结果表明，静脉注射重组菌的小鼠在肝脏、脾脏中重组菌数量有2个峰值，总的趋势是越来越少，而血清中抗体效价越来越高，可以初步推断，肝脏、脾脏中的细菌数量与血清中的抗体水平呈一定的相关性；口服重组菌的小鼠，在各脏器中重组菌的数量呈现正态分布的变化趋势，其中派伊尔结(Peyer’s patches，PPs)中细菌数量与血清中的抗体水平呈一定的相关性，而脾脏、肝脏及肠系膜淋巴结中细菌数量与血清中的抗体滴度无关。     

Herd-level factors associated with isolation of Salmonella in a multi-state study of conventional and organic dairy farms II. Salmonella shedding in calves

The objective of this study was to evaluate associations between herd-level factors and the isolation of Salmonella in calves from dairy farms in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan and New York. Study farms were 129 conventional and organic farms enrolled without regard to previous history of Salmonella infection. Herds were sampled at 2-month intervals over a 1-year period. Salmonella was isolated in fecal samples from 176 (3.8%) of 4673 preweaned calves with 40 (31.0%) of 129 farms having at least one positive calf sample over the course of the study. Multivariable logistic regression using the generalized estimating equations approach was used to evaluate risk factors for Salmonella shedding after adjustment for effects of herd size, season, state of origin and the multiple sampling occasions per herd. Factors retained in the final model that were associated with an increased odds for Salmonella shedding were lack of routine feeding of milk replacer containing antimicrobials to preweaned calves (OR = 2.8, 95% CI: 1.4, 5.8), use of maternity housing as a hospital area for sick cows more than once a month (OR = 2.1, 95% CI: 1.1, 4.0), and cow prevalence level by visit, categorized into the following four-levels: ≥20% (OR = 11.6, 95% CI: 5.7, 23.7), 10–19.9% (OR = 4.7, 95% CI: 2.0, 11.5), 0.1–9.9% (OR = 3.6, 95% CI: 1.5, 8.7) and 0% (reference level). Herd size was not associated with Salmonella shedding in the final multivariable model.