肠炎沙门氏菌特异性诊断方法的建立

用传统的分离鉴定方法从临床采集的12例不同蛋鸡样本中分离到1株肠炎沙门氏菌。为避免传统鉴定技术中可能出现的假阳性等问题,依据SEF 14菌毛是肠炎沙门氏菌的特异性粘附素这一特性,设计编码该粘附素基因中相对保守片段的1对引物,对上述可疑菌株进行PCR扩增,以含有编码SEF 14菌毛操纵子全基因的质粒DNA、标准株SD-2染色体DNA作为阳性对照,鸡白痢国内分离株SP染色体DNA作为阴性对照。PCR扩增结果显示分离株出现1条与预期大小498 bp一致的特异性扩增条带,阳性对照也出现相同大小的条带,而阴性对照则未出现。结合传统的细菌学分离鉴定和特定的分子生物学鉴定,将此可疑分离株确定为肠炎沙门氏菌。该方法可快速、准确、敏感地检测肠炎沙门氏菌。     

雏鸡沙门氏菌病的病原分离与鉴定

邯郸地区某县养殖场于2008年2月引进一批海兰白雏鸡共6500只,4日龄时部分雏鸡开始发病,6日龄时开始死亡,7d内共死亡1248只,死亡率达19.2%。剖检不同日龄死雏21只,活病雏13只,死雏呈现严重败血症病变,活雏心肌、肝、肺、肌胃等脏器出现黄白色或大小不等的灰白色坏死灶。取其卵黄、肝、脾、心血等病料进行病原分离培养,从获得的153个菌落中挑选可疑菌落27个,经细菌学鉴定,确认17株为鸡白痢沙门氏菌,抗原式为1,9,12∶-∶-,10株为德尔卑沙门氏菌(S.derby),抗原式为1,4,12∶f,g∶-。     

鼠伤寒沙门菌毒力基因SptP的原核表达及生物信息学分析

【目的】试验旨在获得高效表达的鼠伤寒沙门菌SptP蛋白并进行生物信息学分析,为其功能研究和互作蛋白的筛选提供理论依据。【方法】通过PCR技术扩增SptP基因,并将该序列连接至pET-32a （+）载体,构建鼠伤寒沙门菌SptP基因原核表达载体pET32a-SptP。通过热激法将重组质粒导入大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）感受态细胞后经IPTG诱导表达、纯化重组蛋白,并经过SDS-PAGE和Western blotting验证;应用在线软件对SptP蛋白进行生物信息学分析。【结果】PCR成功扩增出大小为1 632 bp的SptP基因。SptP重组蛋白在大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）感受态细胞中成功诱导表达、纯化,得到分子质量为79.7 ku的蛋白。SptP蛋白分子式为C₂₆₂₅H₄₂₅₇N₇₄₅O₈₁₂S₂₅,分子质量为60 047.68 u,无跨膜结构,无信号肽存在,理论等电点为8.75,有57个潜在的磷酸化位点,主要定位于细胞核、细胞质、高尔基体、细胞骨架、分泌系统的囊泡、质膜,占比分别为43.5%、34.8%、8.7%、4.3%、4.3%和4.3%。SptP蛋白二级结构由α-螺旋、延伸链、β-转角及无规则卷曲组成,占比分别为43.65%、14.92%、4.42%和37.02%。【结论】本研究构建了表达SptP蛋白的重组质粒pET32a-SptP,获得分子质量为79.7 ku的SptP重组蛋白,阐明了SptP蛋白的基本理化性质和生物学功能,为后续SptP蛋白与宿主细胞互作的作用机制及鼠伤寒沙门菌新疫苗的制备提供理论基础和试验依据。     

鸭源沙门菌的分离鉴定、耐药性及致病性分析

【目的】为防控鸭源沙门菌感染,本试验针对四川德阳地区鸭源沙门菌的感染情况开展研究。【方法】从该地区3个种鸭场和1个鸭孵化场共采集不同类型样本222份,按国标GB 4789.4－2016方法对沙门菌进行分离鉴定,进一步通过K-B法检测分离菌对14种抗菌药物的敏感性,并对鉴定出的稀有血清型沙门菌进行致病性研究。【结果】疑似沙门菌分离株在BS琼脂上呈黑色、灰色或棕褐色、有金属光泽菌落,在XLD琼脂上呈无色透明、或中心黑色或几乎全黑的菌落。将疑似沙门菌株接种三糖铁琼脂斜面进行生化鉴定,疑似沙门菌分离株均能使三糖铁斜面变为红色,底部变为黄色带黑色,符合沙门菌生化特性。通过PCR对沙门菌特异性基因invA进行扩增,经琼脂糖凝胶电泳后可在500 bp左右观察到目的条带,确认共分离到17株沙门菌,总分离率为7.7%（17/222）,包括鼠伤寒沙门菌、哈托沙门菌和波恩沙门菌3种血清型,其比例分别为47.1%（8/17）、29.4%（5/17）和23.5%（4/17）,优势血清型为鼠伤寒沙门菌。分离菌对β-内酰胺类和氨基糖苷类抗菌药耐药率最高,对氨苄西林和链霉素的耐药率分别为82.4%（14/17）和88.2%（15/17）,对喹诺酮类抗菌药最敏感,其中对萘啶酸100%（17/17）敏感。分离菌存在严重的多重耐药现象,其中耐10种以上（包括10种）抗菌药的6株,占比35.2%,且10种抗菌药分别来自至少6类不同种类抗菌药;耐8种抗菌药物的2株,占比11.8%;耐5~7种抗菌药的6株,占比35.3%;耐2~3种抗菌药物的共3株,占比17.6%。通过寇氏改良法测得稀有血清型菌株H4、B2的LD₅₀分别为3.98×10⁶和1.58×10⁶ CFU,致病性试验结果表明,哈托和波恩沙门菌均能引起小鼠急性死亡,脏器充血、出血,细胞变性等。【结论】本研究成功分离到17株鸭源沙门菌,从鸭中分离到哈托沙门菌在国内外属首次。分离菌具有严重的耐药性和多重耐药现象,2株稀有血清型沙门菌对小鼠的致病力均较强,且致病作用相似。本研究结果可为鸭场沙门菌病的防治提供参考。     

Factors affecting costs for on-farm control of salmonella in Swedish dairy herds

Background

The Swedish control program for salmonella includes restrictions and on-farm control measures when salmonella is detected in a herd. Required control measures are subsidised by the government. This provides an opportunity to study costs for on-farm salmonella control. The aim of this study was to describe the costs for on-farm salmonella control in Swedish cattle herds and to investigate the effects of herd factors on these costs in dairy herds.

Results

During the 15 years studied there had been a total of 124 restriction periods in 118 cattle herds; 89 dairy herds, 28 specialised fattening herds and three suckler herds. The average costs per herd for on-farm salmonella control was 4.60 million SEK with a median of 1.06 million SEK corresponding to approximately 490 000 and 110 000 EUR. The range was 0.01 to 41 million SEK corresponding to 1080 EUR to 4.44 million EUR per farm. The costs cover measures required in herd-specific control plans, generally measures improving herd hygiene. A mixed linear model was used to investigate associations between herd factors and costs for on-farm salmonella control in dairy herds. Herd size and length of the restriction period were both significantly associated with costs for on-farm control of salmonella with larger herds and longer periods of restrictions leading to higher costs. Serotype detected and administrative changes in the Swedish Board of Agriculture aiming at reducing costs were not associated with costs for on-farm salmonella control.

Conclusions

On-farm control of salmonella in Swedish cattle herds incurred high costs but the costs also varied largely between herds. Larger herds and longer restriction periods increased the costs for on-farm control of salmonella in Swedish dairy herds. This causes concern for future costs for the Swedish salmonella control program as herd sizes are increasing.     

Isolation,Identification and Analysis of Serotype and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Pathogenic Salmonella from Chickens

To investigate the situations of predominant strain and antibiotic resistance of pathogenic Salmonella from chickens in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous region, Salmonella was pre-enriched and isolated from tissues of clinical suspected chickens, and the Salmonella isolates were identified by biochemical test using ID 32E System for the identification of Enterobacteriaceae of VITEK System ATB Expression, serotypes were determined by slid agglutination test, antibiotic susceptibility was analyzed by ATB VET Susceptibility Test Strip of Enterobacteriaceae antibiotics.The results showed that 34 Salmonella strains were obtained from 310 clinical samples, of which 1 strain belonged to A serogroup, 1 to C2 serogroup, 15 to B serogroup, 14 to D serogroup and 3 to untyped serogroup, and S.typhimurium of B serogroup and S.pullorum of D serogroup were the predominant serotypes.All Salmonella isolates were sensitive to meropenem, imipenem, spectinomycine and apramycine, and the resistance rates to chloramphenicol, kanamycine and gentamicine were less than 10%, and the resistance rates to amoxicillin, streptomycine, flumequine, oxolinique, sulfamethizol, tetracycline and nitrofurantoine ranged between 50% and 90%, while the resistance rates to penicilline, oxacilline, fusidique, rifampicine and metronidazole reached to 100%.The results indicated that the serotype distribution of pathogenic Salmonella from chickens exhibited regional characteristics, and S.typhimurium and S.pullorum were the predominant serotypes in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous region, and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella isolates was very serious which should be highly concerned.     

LysR型转录因子STM0859对鼠伤寒沙门菌环境耐受性的调控作用

为了解LysR型转录因子STM0859对鼠伤寒沙门菌(ST)环境应激的调控作用,以ST-SL1344强毒株为研究对象,利用温度敏感型质粒和λ-Red同源重组技术构建ST-ΔSTM0859基因缺失突变株,检测分析缺失株对pH、高盐、H_2O_2和乙醇胁迫环境的适应能力及在不同pH半固体中的运动能力,探究STM0859基因缺失对ST环境应激和运动能力的影响。结果显示,与ST-SL1344强毒株相比,ST-ΔSTM0859缺失株对pH=10、4%NaCl、0.1%H_2O_2和3%乙醇胁迫环境的适应能力没有显著变化,而在pH=4酸应激环境和半固体运动中生长能力极显著低于亲本株,pH=5时差异显著。提示LysR型转录因子STM0859参与ST对酸胁迫环境适应性的调控,为进一步揭示STM0859转录因子对ST环境应激调控的分子机制奠定基础。     

Proteomic analysis of intestinal mucosa responses to Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in naturally infected pig

Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (S. typhimurium) is one of the most frequent Salmonella serotypes isolated from European pigs. Despite the advances in understanding the mechanisms involved in host–pathogen interactions and host cell responses to S. typhimurium, the global change that occurs in naturally exposed populations has been poorly characterized. Here, we present a proteomics study on intestinal mucosa of pigs naturally infected with S. typhimurium, in order to better understand the pathogenesis of salmonellosis and the pathways which might be affected after infection. Samples were analyzed by 2D-DIGE and 44 different proteins exhibited statistically significant differences. The data set was analyzed by employing the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis and the physiological function most significantly perturbed were immunological and infectious disease, cellular assembly and organization and metabolism. The pathways implicated in the porcine immune response to S. typhimurium were gluconeogenesis and Rho GDI/RhoA signaling, and our results suggest that keratins and the intermediate filaments could play an important role in the damage of the mucosa and in the success of infection. The role of these findings in salmonellosis has been discussed, as well as the importance of analyzing naturally infected animals to have a complete picture of the infection. Also, we compared the results found in this work with those obtained in a similar study using experimentally infected animals.     

Clonal Spread of Salmonella enterica Serovar Infantis in Serbia: Acquisition of Mutations in the Topoisomerase Genes gyrA and parC Leads to Increased Resistance to Fluoroquinolones

Quinolone‐resistant Salmonella Infantis (n = 64) isolated from human stool samples, food and poultry during the years 2006–2011 were analysed for their resistance phenotypes, macrorestriction patterns and molecular mechanisms of decreased susceptibility to fluoroquinolones. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of nalidixic acid (NAL) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) were determined by the agar dilution procedure, and the susceptibility to additional antimicrobial agents was determined by the disc diffusion method. To assess the influence of enhanced efflux activity, MICs were determined in the presence and absence of the inhibitor PAβN. The results of pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing revealed that quinolone‐resistant S. Infantis in Serbia had similar or indistinguishable PFGE profiles, suggesting a clonal spread. All S. Infantis showed combined resistance to NAL and tetracycline, whereas multiple drug resistance to three or more antibiotic classes was rare (2 isolates of human origin). The MICs ranged between 512 and 1024 μg/mL for NAL and 0.125–2 μg/mL for CIP. A single‐point mutation in the gene gyrA leading to a Ser83→Tyr exchange was detected in all isolates, and a second exchange (Ser80→Arg) in the gene parC was only present in eight S. Infantis isolates exhibiting slightly higher MICs of CIP (2 μg/mL). The inhibitor PAβN decreased the MIC values of CIP by two dilution steps and of NAL by at minimum 3–6 dilution steps, indicating that enhanced efflux plays an important role in quinolone resistance in these isolates. The plasmid‐mediated genes qnr, aac(6′)‐lb‐cr and qepA were not detected by PCR assays.     

脉冲场凝胶电泳在沙门氏菌流行病学中的应用

脉冲场凝胶电泳是20世纪80年代发展起来的一种可用于分离10 kb至10 Mb分子质量DNA的新型凝胶电泳技术,已广泛应用于细菌分子分型、种群特异性鉴定及遗传分析等方面。文章介绍了脉冲场凝胶电泳的技术、应用状况及目前沙门氏菌的分型现状,并阐述了该技术在沙门氏菌流行病学研究方面的应用及发展前景。