黄土丘陵区翻白草光合特性的研究

运用开放式气体交换LI-6400便携式光合作用测定系统,测定了自然条件下黄土丘陵区翻白草(Potentilladiscolor Bunge)的光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Cs)及其光响应曲线.(1)翻白草净Pn日进程呈"单谷"型曲线,在早晨800,Pn为全天最大值14.91μmol/(m2·s);至1400,Pn降到最小值0.13 μmol/(m2·s),植物进入"午休"状态.(2)翻白草的光补偿点为51.4μmol/(m2·s),光饱和点为527μmol/(m2·s),表观量子效率为0.056 6,说明翻白草属于典型的阳生植物.(3)在光响应过程中,随着有效光辐射强度(RPA)的增强,翻白草的蒸腾速率(Tr)一直处于上升趋势,与Gs变化趋势完全一致,二者呈指数关系.翻白草WUE随RPA的增强呈抛物线状变化,在初始阶段,WUE增加较快,RPA为800 μmol/(m2·s)时,WUE达到最大值4.68 mmol/mol之后,WUE开始逐渐降低,但是变化较小.     

K高效和K低效基因型水稻Na和K的吸收和分布与水稻生长及体内K利用率之间的关系

A pot experiment with two rice (Oriza sativa L.) genotypes differing in internal potassium use efficiency (IKUE) was conducted under different sodium (Na) and potassium (K) levels. Adding NaCl at a proper level enhanced rice vegetative growth and increased grain yield and IKUE under low potassium. Addition of higher rate of NaCl had a negative effect on the growth of the K-efficient rice genotype, but did not for the K-inefficient genotype. Under low-K stress, higher NaCl decreased IKUE of the K-efficient rice genotype but increased IKUE for the K-inefficient genotype. At tillering stage and under low-K stress, adding NaCl increased K and Na contents and decreased the ratio of K/Na for both genotypes. At harvesting stage under low-K stress, adding NaCl increased K and Na contents and K/Na ratio for the K-efficient genotype but decreased the K/Na ratio for the K-inefficient genotype. The accumulated Na was mostly deposited in the roots and sheaths. At tillering stage, the K and Na contents and the K/Na ratios in different parts for both genotypes decreased in the following sequence: K⁺ in sheaths > K⁺ in blades > K⁺ in roots; Na⁺ in roots > Na⁺ in sheaths > Na⁺ in blades; and K/Na in sheaths >> K/Na in roots. The K-efficient genotype had a lower K/Na ratio in roots and sheaths than the K-inefficient genotype under low-K stress. At harvesting stage, K and Na contents in grains were not affected, whereas K/Na ratio in the rice straws was increased for the K-efficient genotype but decreased for the K-inefficient genotype by Na addition. However, this was not the case under K sufficient condition.     

Turloughs - Ireland’s unique wetland habitat

Turloughs are karst wetland ecosystems that are virtually unique to Ireland. Flooding annually in autumn through springs and fissures in the underlying limestone and draining in the springtime, often through the same fissures or swallow-holes, they have been described as ‘temporal ecotones’. Over 300 have been documented. They are priority habitats in the EU Habitats Directive and support a variety of wet grassland and fen type vegetation. Though the vegetation has been recorded and mapped for over 80 turloughs, records for invertebrates are more sporadic. Characteristic species include some aquatic species-often benefiting from the absence of fish-, and many wetland terrestrial species, including carabid beetles that are rare on a European scale. Due to their shallow nature and the full vegetation cover of the basin, turloughs can host internationally significant numbers of visiting winter wildfowl, particularly whooper swans. The variety of plant and invertebrate communities between turloughs is primarily due to different hydrogeomorphological characteristics, but also depends on the range of grazing practices on turloughs. Since these often vary within a turlough basin, this helps maintain within-turlough biodiversity. The main threat to turloughs in the past was drainage, but pollution by nutrients is also now potentially detrimental. However, a more recent and important threat may be the cessation of farming within turloughs. As potentially threatened wetlands of European importance, turloughs require a full inventory of their biodiversity and the factors affecting it. The collation here of all literature concerning turloughs will provide a basis for an integrated approach to future research on turloughs that is essential for a full understanding of these complex ecosystems.     

Can conservation tillage and residue management enhance energy use efficiency and sustainability of rice-pea system in the Eastern Himalayas?

ABSTRACT

Low productivity and energy use efficiency (EUE) of rice farming are the major concerns for agricultural sustainability in the Eastern Himalayan region of India. A field experiment on rice (Oryza sativa L.)-pea (Pisum sativum L) system was conducted for three consecutive years during 2012–15 in lowland ecosystem to assess the direct and residual impact of tillage and residue management (RM) practises on productivity and sustainability. Significantly higher grain yield of rice was achieved under no-till (NT) than minimum tillage (MT) and conventional tillage (CT). Among RM practises, 50% NPK + green leaf manure, 50% NPK + weed biomass and 50% NPK + in-situ residue retention recorded significantly higher mean grain yields than application of 50% NPK and 100% NPK without residues. Residual effect of MT in preceding rice gave significantly higher green pod yield of succeeding pea than NT and CT. The system EUE was significantly higher under MT (rice)-NT (pea) compared to those of NT-NT and CT-NT systems. The sustainable yield index of rice and pea was maximum under MT-NT followed by NT-NT. Thus, NT/MT with suitable RM practises is a pertinent strategy for sustainable productivity of rice-pea system in the Eastern Himalayas and in similar adjoining regions.     

‘小偃60’在不同水氮条件下的用水特性

以过筛土壤为培养基础,以圆形桶为容器,设置了3个水分梯度(W0、W1、W2,分别为田间持水量的50%、65%、80%)、4个氮素梯度(N0、N1、N2、N3,施氮量分别为每桶0 g·kg?1、0.10 g·kg?1、0.20 g·kg?1、0.29 g·kg?1),探究冬小麦新品系‘小偃60’干物质积累与分配、水分利用效率、光合参数的变化规律,为其推广及高产高效栽培提供依据。结果表明,水、氮均对冬小麦生物量及产量、叶片叶绿素含量、叶水势、叶片净光合速率等有显著影响,且水对籽粒产量的主效应大于氮肥。水分和氮肥适宜处理(W2N2)比水分和氮肥轻度亏缺处理(W1N1)增产66.03%,W1N1比水分和氮肥严重亏缺(W0N0)增产153.30%。在相同水分处理下,冬小麦叶绿素SPAD值随着施氮量的升高而升高,而在相同施氮量条件下,水分严重亏缺处理(W0)和水分适宜处理(W2)的冬小麦叶绿素SPAD值均低于水分轻度亏缺处理(W1)。水分对叶片水势为正效应,表现为随着土壤含水量的增加显著升高到不明显升高趋势。光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、瞬时水分利用效率(WUEi)均随着施氮量的增加而升高,Pn、Tr随土壤水分提高而上升,WUEi却随土壤水分提高而下降。在低氮(N1)或者不施氮肥(N0)条件下,产量水分利用效率(WUEy)随水分的增加表现先升高而后变化不明显的变化趋势;在适宜氮肥(N2)和高氮(N3)条件下,WUEy随着水分的增加而升高。通过对试验结果的分析得出如下结论:1合理的水氮管理使‘小偃60’的籽粒产量及水分利用效率(WUE)维持在较高水平,过多水肥均引起产量及WUE下降;2不同水氮下籽粒产量、水分利用效率均与叶片净光合速率显著正相关;3‘小偃60’在河北环渤海地区更适合在低水中肥条件下种植。     

Assessing habitat use of the endangered marine mollusc Patella ferruginea (Gastropoda, Patellidae) in northern Africa: preliminary results and implications for conservation

The limpet Patella ferruginea Gmelin, 1791, endemic to the Mediterranean, is the most endangered marine species on the list of the European Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the Conservation of Natural Habitat of Wild Fauna and Flora (1992). Its Mediterranean range has progressively contracted to a few restricted areas and the species is now threatened with extinction. Seventeen stations were sampled along the littoral zone on the coast of Ceuta, North Africa, for quantifying environmental factors (water movement, siltation and suspended solids), and 70 transects were selected for P. ferruginea sampling. The study revealed the presence of a well-established population of P. ferruginea with values of density and size of 0.67 individuals m⁻¹ ±0.96 and 48.94 mm±11.61 respectively (mean±standard error of mean). The biggest densities of P. ferruginea were found inside the harbour of Ceuta. The limpets were more abundant on artificial harbour stones than on natural rocky shores, and the areas under the highest human pressure were characterised by the lowest densities and the smallest specimens probably due mainly to the predation for food and fishing. Human pressure is probably the main contributing factor to the currently endangered status of P. ferruginea. Programmes of environmental education to avoid its collection for fishing, food or for fun as decorative objects should be conducted, and further experimental studies dealing with the reproductive biology of this species are needed to properly assess the future programmes of conservation.     

不同种植模式下紫色土养分流失影响因子研究

通过建立5个不同种植模式的径流小区，对每个小区径流泥沙中养分的含量进行研究．探讨机械组成、微团聚体含量、粘粒团聚度等因子对养分流失影响的程度，结果发现：15～30cm土层中〈0．01mm的粘粒含量与径流泥沙中全钾含量和速效钾含量有显著的相关性。0～15cm层中的〈0．01mm和〈0．001mm微团聚体含量都与径流泥沙中有机质、速效钾和全氮的含量有显著的相关性。同层中〈0．01mm粘粒团聚度与径流泥沙中全氮含量和速效钾含量有显著的相关性，而同层〈0．001mm粘粒团聚度与径流泥沙中全磷含量、速效钾含量和速效磷含量有显著的正相关。     

基于区域土壤水分供给量的土地利用优化模式

与以数量结构生态优化为目标的土地利用优化配置不同，提出了基于主要生态过程的土地利用空间格局优化的思路。借助于地理信息系统等技术，在对主要生态水文过程模拟的基础上，建立了土地利用最小耗费表面模型，探讨了土地利用时空格局优化模式研究的技术途径。最后，以受沙质荒漠化威胁地区较严重的鄂尔多斯高原的考考赖沟流域为例，对模型进行了应用研究。     

不同土地利用类型土壤侵蚀量的坡度效应

 研究不同土地利用类型土壤侵蚀量的坡度效应,以便为退耕还林及坡耕地水保措施提供依据。根据上舍河小流域2000年55场有效降雨资料,对不同土地利用类型(坡耕地、杉木林地)次降雨地表径流量、径流侵蚀模数与坡度、降雨量、降雨强度、植被盖度等影响因子进行相关分析。结果表明:坡耕地、杉木林地的次降雨地表径流量、地表径流侵蚀模数与坡度、降雨量、降雨强度、植被盖度等相关显著。在一定坡度范围内,坡耕地的次降雨地表径流量和径流侵蚀模数,随着坡度的增大而增加,而杉木林分的次降雨地表径流量和径流侵蚀模数,随着坡度的增加而降低。     

新疆石河子市土地利用数量变化研究

以新疆石河子市土地变更统计资料,以及其自然、社会、经济数据为依据,采用定性与定量相结合的方法,运用多种数学模型对石河子市土地利用现状、土地利用数量变化进行了探讨。结果表明,近12年来石河子市园地、林地、交通用地、居民点工矿用地的正向变化较明显,而负变化方面,则是以未利用地和耕地的变化最为突出。土地利用结构总体变化不大。土地利用类型的转移以非农建设占用农用地特别是占用耕地现象日益突出为主要特点,并呈现明显的地域差异。早期引起土地利用变化的主要原因是农业结构调整,而经济发展和城市迅速扩张则是后期变化的动因。