浅谈长武王东试区“八五”土地利用规划

该文依据景观生态学原理和土地经济学特性(土地肥力、报酬递增性、土地经济供给的有限性)等理论及长武王东试区土地资源背景,论述了王东“八五”期间土地利用规划的要点:1.保持耕地面积的相对稳定;2.适度发展果园;3.加强现有林的抚育,增造灌木林;4.维持一定的牧草地面积,提高产草量;5.控制塬面村庄扩展。     

Soil nitrogen mineralization not affected by grass species traits

Species N use traits was evaluated as a mechanism whereby Bromus inermis (Bromus), an established invasive, might alter soil N supply in a Northern mixed-grass prairie. We compared soils under stands of Bromus with those from three representative native grasses of different litter C/N: Andropogon gerardii (Andropogon), Nassella viridula (Nassella) and Pascopyrum smithii (Pascopyrum); in ascending order of litter quality. Net mineralization (per g soil N) measured in year-long laboratory incubations showed no differences in comparisons of Bromus with two of the three native grasses: Andropogon and Nassella. Higher mineralization in Pascopyrum stands relative to Bromus was consistent with its higher litter quality. However, an unusually high occurrence of an N-fixing legume in Pascopyrum stands, potentially favoring high mineralization rates, confounded any conclusions regarding the effects of plant N use on N mineralization. Instead of an initial flush of net mineralization, as would be expected in laboratory incubation, we observed an initial lag phase. This lag in net N mineralization coincided with high microbial activity (respiration) that suggests strong N limitation of the microbial biomass. Further support for the importance of immobilization initially came from modeling mineralization dynamics, which was explained better when we accounted for microbial growth in our model. The absence of strong differences in net mineralization beneath these grasses suggests that differences in plant N use alone were unlikely to influence soil N mineralization through substrate quality, particularly under strong N control of the microbial biomass.     

Bighorn sheep habitat use and selection near an urban environment

To further understand the impact of urban development on wildlife populations, we examined habitat use and selection by female bighorn sheep Ovis canadensis in two endangered subpopulations near a metropolitan area in southern California. One subpopulation, which had previously been found to have low reproductive success, selected urban environments while the other did not use urban areas. In the subpopulation that used urban areas, females had smaller core activity areas and selected lower elevations and gentler slopes. These females used urban sources of water but a clear relationship between levels of urban use and periods of increased water need was not evident. Diet quality was higher among females that selected urban areas, and this increase was correlated with the level of urban use. Thus, optimal foraging behavior may have contributed to the selection of urban areas. Urban use was lowest during peak months of parturition, suggesting that reproductive strategies may also have influenced temporal patterns of urban use. Although urban areas provided bighorn sheep with forage and water resources, the use of these areas may have substantial costs. For example, females using urban areas had internal parasites that were not found elsewhere in the Peninsular Ranges.     

The sensitivity of water extractable soil organic carbon fractions to land use in three soil types

Soil organic carbon (SOC) has a high impact on the sustainability of ecosystems, global environmental processes, soil quality and agriculture. Long-term tillage usually leads to SOC depletion. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of different land uses on water extractable organic carbon (WEOC) fractions and to evaluate the interaction between the WEOC fractions and other soil properties. Using an extraction procedure at 20°C and 80°C, two fractions were obtained: a cold water extractable organic carbon (CWEOC) and a hot water extractable organic carbon (HWEOC). The results suggest that there is a significant impact from different land uses on WEOC. A lower relative contribution of WEOC in SOC and a lower concentration of labile WEOC fractions are contained in arable soil compared to forestlands. Chernozem soil was characterized by a lower relative contribution of WEOC to the SOC and thus higher SOC stability in contrast to Solonetz and Vertisol soils. Both CWEOC and HWEOC are highly associated with SOC in the silt and clay fraction (<53 µm) and were slightly associated with SOC in the macroaggregate classes. The WEOC fractions were highly and positively correlated with the SOC and mean weight diameter.     

基于全球导航卫星系统的智能化精细平地系统优化与试验

农田土地精细平整是中国现代地面精细灌溉的重要基础,能提高农田灌溉均匀度,改良土壤水盐分布,控制杂草,达到节水增产的效果。应用GNSS(global navigation satellite system,全球导航卫星系统)技术进行土地精细平整具有不受天气影响、测量速度快、工作效率高等优点,具有广泛应用前景。该文结合中国土地平整的实际情况和前期的研究成果,开发了适合国内应用的GNSS控制平地系统,降低了研发的设备成本,优化完善了平地系统的功能。为减少分立设备数量,提高系统集成度,设计了集成控制终端,集成GNSS接收模块、差分电台模块、核心处理平台和阀控制模块,并设计了集成控制终端的外壳,通过可旋转调整支架固定在拖拉机驾驶室内,具有良好的防尘、降温和牢固等优点;为完善地形测量功能,增加了测量轨迹的实时显示,以及农田面积等地势信息的计算,便于指导后续平整作业;优化了基准设计,建立了坡面平整的数学模型,实现了任意坡度坡面平整。优化后的系统主要由集成控制终端、自主差分GNSS接收设备、液压系统以及平地铲运设备几部分构成;以Visual Studio2008为系统软件开发环境,GNSS精细平整集成软件能够实现农田地势测量、基准设计及平整作业等功能。该智能平地系统在中国农业大学上庄试验站进行了长时间平整实验,平面平整后最大高程差从20.9降到10.5 cm,高程标准差从10.6降到5.5 cm,平地误差小于5 cm的测点累积百分比从77%上升到90%左右,平整效果良好。坡面平整的坡度从0.239%降到0.120%,符合设计要求。结果表明,系统工作稳定可靠,作业精度满足土地精细平整要求,适用于在中国推广应用。     

聚丙烯酰胺对干旱半干旱区不同作物水分利用及产值的影响

为了在半干旱区和干旱区农业生产中推广应用聚丙烯酰胺(polyacrylamide,PAM),在半干旱区选择了西瓜、马铃薯、玉米和谷子,在干旱区选择了春小麦、向日葵、玉米和番茄,以不施PAM为对照,测定PAM对不同作物产量、产值、水分利用效率和水分生产率的影响。结果表明半干旱区西瓜、马铃薯、玉米和谷子的产量分别提高了36.76%、24.83%、20.20%和13.16%,产值提高了36.32%,23.04%,9.37%,10.18%,水分利用效率提高了30.15%,18.83%,13.42%和6.24%,水分生产率提高了30.57%,22.97%,16.79%和11.66%。干旱区春小麦、向日葵、玉米、番茄的产量分别提高了18.56%,12.82%,13.65%和16.54%,产值提高了12.78%,10.70%,9.53%和14.71%,水分利用效率提高了13.49%,17.03%,12.96%和25.12%,水分生产率提高了16.14%,11.62%,11.79%和14.85%。干旱区春小麦的增产率和增值率虽然高于向日葵,但增产值却极显著低于向日葵。建议半干旱区应用PAM应优先选择西瓜和马铃薯,干旱区应优先选择番茄和向日葵。     

县域土地利用变化的碳排放效应——以山西省洪洞县为例

[目的]为了分析土地利用变化对碳排放的影响,以洪洞县为例,研究分析县域尺度上土地利用变化的碳排放效应。[方法]选取2000,2010和2013年山西省洪洞县遥感影像,通过解译遥感影像,最终获得洪洞县的土地利用数据。采用碳排放估算模型,估算了洪洞县13a不同土地利用变化导致的碳排放效应。[结果]2000—2013年洪洞县的碳排放量呈现逐年增长的趋势,期间净碳排放放量共增加了6.12×105t。作为主要碳源汇——建设用地和林地,二者的面积不断增长,但建设用地带来的碳排放远超过林地所能吸收的量。洪洞县各个乡镇在这13a中的净碳排放空间差异变化明显。[结论]优化县域土地利用结构,能够有效地减轻碳排放问题。     

黄土丘陵区翻白草光合特性的研究

运用开放式气体交换LI-6400便携式光合作用测定系统,测定了自然条件下黄土丘陵区翻白草(Potentilladiscolor Bunge)的光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Cs)及其光响应曲线.(1)翻白草净Pn日进程呈"单谷"型曲线,在早晨800,Pn为全天最大值14.91μmol/(m2·s);至1400,Pn降到最小值0.13 μmol/(m2·s),植物进入"午休"状态.(2)翻白草的光补偿点为51.4μmol/(m2·s),光饱和点为527μmol/(m2·s),表观量子效率为0.056 6,说明翻白草属于典型的阳生植物.(3)在光响应过程中,随着有效光辐射强度(RPA)的增强,翻白草的蒸腾速率(Tr)一直处于上升趋势,与Gs变化趋势完全一致,二者呈指数关系.翻白草WUE随RPA的增强呈抛物线状变化,在初始阶段,WUE增加较快,RPA为800 μmol/(m2·s)时,WUE达到最大值4.68 mmol/mol之后,WUE开始逐渐降低,但是变化较小.     

K高效和K低效基因型水稻Na和K的吸收和分布与水稻生长及体内K利用率之间的关系

A pot experiment with two rice (Oriza sativa L.) genotypes differing in internal potassium use efficiency (IKUE) was conducted under different sodium (Na) and potassium (K) levels. Adding NaCl at a proper level enhanced rice vegetative growth and increased grain yield and IKUE under low potassium. Addition of higher rate of NaCl had a negative effect on the growth of the K-efficient rice genotype, but did not for the K-inefficient genotype. Under low-K stress, higher NaCl decreased IKUE of the K-efficient rice genotype but increased IKUE for the K-inefficient genotype. At tillering stage and under low-K stress, adding NaCl increased K and Na contents and decreased the ratio of K/Na for both genotypes. At harvesting stage under low-K stress, adding NaCl increased K and Na contents and K/Na ratio for the K-efficient genotype but decreased the K/Na ratio for the K-inefficient genotype. The accumulated Na was mostly deposited in the roots and sheaths. At tillering stage, the K and Na contents and the K/Na ratios in different parts for both genotypes decreased in the following sequence: K⁺ in sheaths > K⁺ in blades > K⁺ in roots; Na⁺ in roots > Na⁺ in sheaths > Na⁺ in blades; and K/Na in sheaths >> K/Na in roots. The K-efficient genotype had a lower K/Na ratio in roots and sheaths than the K-inefficient genotype under low-K stress. At harvesting stage, K and Na contents in grains were not affected, whereas K/Na ratio in the rice straws was increased for the K-efficient genotype but decreased for the K-inefficient genotype by Na addition. However, this was not the case under K sufficient condition.     

Turloughs - Ireland’s unique wetland habitat

Turloughs are karst wetland ecosystems that are virtually unique to Ireland. Flooding annually in autumn through springs and fissures in the underlying limestone and draining in the springtime, often through the same fissures or swallow-holes, they have been described as ‘temporal ecotones’. Over 300 have been documented. They are priority habitats in the EU Habitats Directive and support a variety of wet grassland and fen type vegetation. Though the vegetation has been recorded and mapped for over 80 turloughs, records for invertebrates are more sporadic. Characteristic species include some aquatic species-often benefiting from the absence of fish-, and many wetland terrestrial species, including carabid beetles that are rare on a European scale. Due to their shallow nature and the full vegetation cover of the basin, turloughs can host internationally significant numbers of visiting winter wildfowl, particularly whooper swans. The variety of plant and invertebrate communities between turloughs is primarily due to different hydrogeomorphological characteristics, but also depends on the range of grazing practices on turloughs. Since these often vary within a turlough basin, this helps maintain within-turlough biodiversity. The main threat to turloughs in the past was drainage, but pollution by nutrients is also now potentially detrimental. However, a more recent and important threat may be the cessation of farming within turloughs. As potentially threatened wetlands of European importance, turloughs require a full inventory of their biodiversity and the factors affecting it. The collation here of all literature concerning turloughs will provide a basis for an integrated approach to future research on turloughs that is essential for a full understanding of these complex ecosystems.