Effects of genotype and environment on avenanthramides and antioxidant activity of oats grown in northwestern China

To investigate the effects of genotype and growing environment on avenanthramides and antioxidant activity of oats, the total phenolic content (TPC), avenanthramide compositions, and antioxidant activity were determined for whole oat from 39 cultivars grown in four locations in northwestern China (Inner Mongolia, Qinghai, Shanxi and Gansu). The results demonstrated that environment (E), genotype (G) and the interaction of these factors (E × G) significantly affected TPC, concentration of avenanthramide 2c (2c, ranged from 6.24 to 136.20 mg kg⁻¹), avenanthramide 2p (2p, 6.07–112.25 mg kg⁻¹), avenanthramide 2f (2f, 7.26–222.77 mg kg⁻¹) and antioxidant activity of oats. The effect of E was considerably greater than that of G or E × G. Based on G plus G × E interaction biplots (GGE biplots) analysis, the four locations in northwestern China can be divided into either two or three regions. Qinghai was determined to be distinct from the other locations. Cultivar Bayou 9 and oats grown in Gansu exhibited the highest TPCs, concentrations of 2c, 2p, 2f and antioxidant activity. The results suggest that oats containing more avenanthramides and exhibiting high levels of antioxidant activity could be obtained by selecting an appropriate genotype and growth location.     

Use of fermented milling by-products as functional ingredient to develop a low-glycaemic index bread

Selected Lactobacillus plantarum DSM 32248 and Lactobacillus rossiae DSM 32249, isolated and identified from wheat germ, were used to ferment a milling by-products mixture. Lactic acid bacteria metabolisms improved the functional properties of wheat bran and germ, which are considered important sources of functional compounds. Wheat breads were manufactured using 15% (w/w) of fermented (and unfermented) milling by-products, and compared to baker’s yeast wheat bread manufactured without the addition of milling by-products. The use of the fermented ingredient improved the biochemical, functional, nutritional, textural, and sensory features of wheat bread, showing better performances compared to the solely use of wheat flour. Protein digestibility, nutritional indexes, and the rate of starch hydrolysis markedly improved using fermented milling by-products as ingredient. Enriched bread was also characterized by high content of dietary fibre and low glycaemic index determined in vivo.This study exploited the potential of fermented milling by products as functional ingredient. According to the Regulations the bread made under this study conditions can be defined as “high fibre content” and “low glycaemic index”. A number of advantages encouraged the manufacture of novel and healthy and functional leavened baked goods.     

Immunomodulatory activities of non-prolamin proteins in wheat germ and gluten

Albumin (Alb), globulin (Glo), glutelin (Gll) and glutenin (Gln) were separately extracted from wheat germ and wheat gluten. Amino acisd composition, molecular weight distribution, solubility, in vitro digestibility, and immunomodulatory activities were all analyzed. Gll and Gln have similar molecular weight distributions, which differed from those of Alb and Glo. Alb showed the highest solubility at various pH values (except pH 4.0), whereas Glo showed the highest in vitro digestibility. Glo and Gll have the highest proportion of essential to total amino acids, while Alb and Gll have the highest protein digestibility-corrected amino acid scores. Gll had the strongest immunomodulatory effects in terms of stimulation of RAW 264.7 cells to produce IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10, and good stimulatory effects on splenocyte proliferation, production of IL-2, phagocytosis, and secretion of nitric oxide in RAW 264.7 cells. Gll can be considered a good protein source for use in health foods.     

外源竹炭对土壤硝酸根离子的吸附效应

生物质炭巨大的活性表面, 可吸附土壤中的硝酸根等阴离子养分。采用竹炭作为试验材料, 以自然土壤和人为耕作土壤为试验土壤, 用硝酸钾溶液浇施模拟施肥, 通过离子色谱测定浇施后所得滤液中硝酸根离子的含量, 分析竹炭对土壤中硝酸根离子的吸附效果。试验设计如下:自然土壤加入的竹炭百分比为0, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%(竹炭直径 < 1 mm), 耕作土壤加入的竹炭百分比为0, 1%, 3%, 5%(竹炭直径为1~2 mm), 2种竹炭颗粒(1~2 mm和 < 1 mm)比较试验时加入的竹炭量为3%。结果表明:土壤中加入竹炭对硝酸根离子的吸附有一定的作用, 前2次淋洗表现为吸附作用随着竹炭比例的增加而增强, 但只有加入的竹炭量超过3%后, 吸附效果没有显著提高(P>0.05)。在加入等量(3%)竹炭时, 前2次淋洗时颗粒直径为1~2 mm的竹炭吸附效果好于 < 1 mm的竹炭, 细粒与对照没有差异, 第3次淋洗时竹炭处理与对照差异显著(P < 0.05), 但不同颗粒之间差异消失。竹炭的施入比例和颗粒直径均能影响其对土壤中阴离子的吸附效果。建议生产上采用3%比例、颗粒直径为1~2 mm的竹炭, 以减少硝酸根离子的淋失。     

Ecological intensification of cropping systems enhances soil functions,mitigates soil erosion,and promotes crop resilience to dry spells in the Brazilian Cerrado

Water scarcity threatens global food security and agricultural systems are challenged to achieve high yields while optimizing water usage. Water deficit can be accentuated by soil physical degradation, which also triggers water losses through runoff and consequently soil erosion. Although soil health in cropping systems within the Brazilian Cerrado biome have been surveyed throughout the years, information about soil erosion impacts and its mitigation are still not well understood; especially concerning the role of cropping system diversification and its effects on crop yield. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess whether ecological intensification of cropping systems –inclusion of a consorted perennial grass and crop rotation– could promote soil coverage and consequently decrease water erosion and soil, water, and nutrient losses. This work studied the effects of crop rotation and consorted Brachiaria, along with different levels of investment in fertilization on soil physical quality and on soil, water, and nutrient losses, and crop yields. Results proved that soybean monoculture (SS) is a system of low sustainability even under no-till in the Brazilian Cerrado conditions. It exhibited high susceptibility to soil, water, and nutrient losses, causing low crop yields. Our results showed that water losses in SS cropping system were approximately 10% of the total annual rainfall, and total K losses would require an additional 35% of K application. Conversely, ecological intensification of cropping systems resulted in enhanced soil environmental and agronomic functions, increased grain yield, and promoted soil and water conservation: high soil cover rate, and low soil, water and nutrient losses. Ecological intensification proved to be an adequate practice to boost crop resilience to water deficit in the Brazilian Cerrado.     

基于SCoT标记分析西藏白菜型黄籽油菜遗传多样性

为研究西藏白菜型黄籽油菜种质资源的遗传多样性，提高其育种利用效率。采用SCoT标记方法，对30份白菜型黄籽油菜种质资源进行遗传多样性分析，并结合生物学特性信息进行综合分析。通过对50条SCoT标记引物的筛选，获得24条重复性好、多态性高、遗传信息丰富的引物，并对参试种质资源进行PCR扩增，共获得214个DNA位点，其中具有多态性的位点有182个，平均多态性位点百分率为87.33%。应用NTSYSPc 2.10e软件分析得到，供试种质资源的相似系数在0.473～0.930之间，进行非加权组平均法（UPGMA）聚类分析得出树状图，在相似系数为0.797时，可将30份材料完全区分成5组。结果表明，西藏白菜型黄籽油菜之间的遗传多样性较为丰富，并综合生物学特性和分子水平试验研究，发现塔巴寺黄籽油菜某些性状与芥菜型油菜相似，初步认为塔巴寺黄籽油菜可能是与芥菜型油菜杂交的后代或者本身就携带类似芥菜型油菜的隐性基因，此假设可在后期分子水平实验中进一步论证。     

Genistein and daidzein reduced chlorpyrifos induced damage in PC12 cell

The present study preliminarily evaluated neurotoxicity injuries induced by chlorpyrifos in PC12 ​cell, which were used as a model for nervous cell system. In cultured PC12 ​cell, application of soy isoflavones (genistein, daidzein, monomer and mixture) significantly reduced chlorpyrifos induced toxicity, a widely used pesticide, and resulted in a better cell survival rate. Treatments with isoflavones reduced malondialdehyde content, reactive oxygengeneration and acetylcholine level in medium, and maintained mitochondrial membrane potential integrity. Daidzein enhanced endogenous antioxidant system in PC12 ​cell with an increasing in superoxide dismutase per-unit activity. Genistein reduced acetylcholine content in the medium. Daidzein and genistein showed different effects, and their combined effect were greater than individual. In conclusion, soy isoflavones as an antioxidant and neuroprotectant, enhanced choline metabolism, which effectively mitigated disadvantageous influence of PC12 ​cell caused by chlorpyrifos.     

大豆GmGBP1基因启动子的光周期响应元件TCT-motif功能分析

GmGBP1基因的启动子的多态性位点SNP-796与生育期密切相关，SNP-796G为缩短大豆生育期的优异等位基因。本研究运用生物信息学手段分析发现，等位基因SNP-796 G→A变异会导致TCT-motif光效应元件的变异。将包括SNP-796位点的GmGBP1基因的启动子片段与Luciferase报告基因融合构建植物表达载体并转化烟草，结合烟草叶片中的农杆菌瞬时表达试验，分析了该启动子中TCT-motif顺式作用元件的功能。结果显示，TCT-motif受短日照条件诱导，引起Luciferase基因的表达显著上调。在短日照条件下，TCT-motif可能通过增加GmGBP1基因mRNA的表达量，从而缩短大豆品种的生育期。       

秸秆腐熟剂的构建及其在秸秆堆肥还田中的作用

农作物秸秆堆肥还田的处理可以有效的提高土壤当中有机物质的含量，同时其还可以起到 改善优化土壤理化性质的效用。在农作物秸秆堆肥还田的处理工作当中使用秸秆腐熟剂，能进一步 的加快秸秆的讲解效率，提高其肥效。本文主要就秸秆腐熟剂的构建以及秸秆腐熟剂在秸秆堆肥还 田当中的作用进行分析，正确的认知秸秆资源的发展现状以及秸秆还田的重要价值，遵守秸秆腐熟剂 的使用原则，掌握好秸秆腐熟剂的使用要点，将秸秆腐熟剂的效用更好的发挥出来，推动我国北方区 域秸秆还田项目的发展进程，让其农业可以始终维持一种良好的可持续化发展状态。