Soil organic carbon changes after 12 years of no-tillage and tillage of Grantsburg soils in southern Illinois

Many factors including management history, soil type, climate, and soil landscape processes affect the dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC). The primary objective of this research was to determine the effects of no-tillage and tillage systems on the SOC content after 12 years of controlled treatments. A tillage experiment with three treatments (no-till (NT), chisel plow (CP) and moldboard plow (MP)) was initiated in the spring of 1989 in southern Illinois. The plot area was previously in a tall fescue hayland for 15 years and had a 6% slope. Maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) were grown in the plot area on a yearly rotation system starting with maize. Periodically, the SOC content of various soil layers, to a depth of either 30 or 75 cm, was measured and expressed on both a gravimetric and volumetric basis. After 12 years, the 0–15 cm surface soil layer of MP was significantly lower in SOC than the NT and CP plots. For all but 2 values, the significance of findings did not change with the form of expression (gravimetric versus volumetric). The surface layer (0–15 cm), subsoil (15–75 cm), and rooting zone (0–75 cm) of all treatments had reduction in SOC on a volumetric basis when compared to the pre-treatment values for sod. At the end of the 12-year study, the MP system had significantly less SOC in the surface layer, subsurface layer and rooting zone than the NT system at comparable depths. After 12 years of tillage under a maize–soybean rotation, the NT treatment sequestered or maintained more SOC stock (47.0 Mt ha⁻¹) than the CP (43.7 Mt ha⁻¹) and MP (37.7 Mt ha⁻¹) treatments. The annual rate of SOC stock build up in the root zone (0–75 cm), above the MP system base, was 0.71 Mt ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ for the NT system and 0.46 Mt ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ for the CP system. For land coming out of the Conservation Reserve Program and returning to row crop production, NT and CP systems would maintain more SOC stock than MP system and reduce CO₂ emissions to the atmosphere.     

铁路工程建设水土流失监测试验研究——以北同蒲增建二线改造项目太原至原平段为例

在北同蒲增建二线改造项目太原至原平段水土流失监测过程中,根据建设责任区内的水土流失敏感点的土壤侵蚀特征采用了定点连续监测、定点定时监测和沿线调查三个不同层次的监测方法。铁路建设责任区域内的气象条件、土地利用形式和地形等水土流失影响因子的差异性导致了各水土流失敏感点的土壤侵蚀形式和特征的不同。项目建设期间产生的大型的裸露土体在侵蚀性降雨条件下其土壤特性变化明显,增加了区域内的产沙量;坡面土壤粒度的粗化和随机粗糙度的变化不一定会降低坡面上的面蚀强度。作为铁路建设重要工程主体的路堤和路堑的建设会改变区域内的产流、径流和渗流途经;在稳定和适宜的工程防护下,能够较好地控制开发建设项目径流产沙的增量。铁路建设中的水保设施本身的失稳也常常是增加产沙量的另一途经。     

Surface runoff phosphorus (P) loss in relation to phosphatase activity and soil P fractions in Florida sandy soils under citrus production

Phosphorus losses by surface runoff from agricultural lands have been of public concern due to increasing P contamination to surface waters. Five representative commercial citrus groves (C1-C5) located in South Florida were studied to evaluate the relationships between P fractions in soils, surface runoff P, and soil phosphatase activity. A modified Hedley P sequential fractionation procedure was employed to fractionate soil P. Soil P consisted of mainly organically- and Ca/Mg-bound P fractions. The organically-bound P (biological P, sum of organic P in the water, NaHCO₃ and NaOH extracts) was dominant in the acidic sandy soils from the C2 and C3 sites (18% and 24% of total soil P), whereas the Ca/Mg-bound P (HCl-extractable P) accounted for 45-60% of soil total P in the neutral and alkaline soils (C1, C4 and C5 soils). Plant-available P (sum of water and NaHCO₃ extractable P fractions) ranged from 27 to 61 mg P kg⁻¹ and decreased in the order of C3>C4>C1>C2>C5. The mean total P concentrations (TP) in surface runoff water samples ranged from 0.51 to 2.64 mg L⁻¹. Total P, total dissolved P (TDP), and PO₄³⁻-P in surface runoff were significantly correlated with soil biological P and plant-available P forms (p<0.01), suggesting that surface runoff P was directly derived from soil available P pools, including H₂O- and NaHCO₃- extractable inorganic P, water-soluble organic P, and NaHCO₃- and NaOH-extractable organic P fractions, which are readily mineralized by soil microorganisms and/or enzyme mediated processes. Soil neutral (55-190 mg phenol kg⁻¹ 3 h⁻¹) and natural (measured at soil pH) phosphatase activities (77-295 mg phenol kg⁻¹ 3 h⁻¹) were related to TP, TDP, and PO₄³⁻-P in surface runoff, and plant-available P and biological P forms in soils. These results indicate that there is a potential relationship between soil P availability and phosphatase activities, relating to P loss by surface runoff. Therefore, the neutral and natural phosphatase activities, especially the natural phosphatase activity, may serve as an index of surface runoff P loss potential and soil P availability.     

气候变迁情境下土壤冲蚀可能变化

降雨是导致土壤冲蚀的主要原因,而通用土壤流失公式(USLE)为目前世界上应用最广泛的土壤流失模式,式中之降雨冲蚀指数直接反映了降雨对土壤侵蚀的程度,为评估土壤侵蚀状况的重要因子之一.研究以基隆、新竹、嘉义、高雄、宜兰、花莲、台东等雨量测站资料之历年雨量记录建立各月之降雨冲蚀指数,所采用之记录为1975-2000年之降雨资料,并建立月降雨冲蚀指数及月降雨量关系式.由于气候变迁导致的降雨变化将影响土壤冲蚀之估算,而不同时间之雨量资料所推估的降雨冲蚀指数精度不同,又必须配合气候变迁模拟之时间尺度,故本研究以月雨量及月降雨冲蚀指数为基础探讨之.采用IPCC公告之B2情境下的大气环流模型(GCMs)模拟基隆、新竹、嘉义、高雄、宜兰、花莲、台东等测站未来降尺度月雨量变化.推估基隆、新竹、嘉义、高雄、宜兰、花莲、台东等测站未来短期、中期、长期之月降雨冲蚀指数,以供推估土壤流失量,可以发现各模型之平均值未来土壤冲蚀量在B2情境约-80%～+60%.     

精确滴灌施肥技术对大棚土壤盐渍化和氮磷流失控制的研究

针对温室大棚盐渍化土壤灌水洗盐而导致的农业面源污染问题,以常规肥水管理方式为对照,在上海崇明东滩温室大棚采用土壤次生盐渍化监测、灌水洗盐过程模拟和农作物生产试验等方法研究精确滴灌施肥技术在降低土壤次生盐渍化程度和减少农田氮磷流失中的作用。结果表明,滴灌施肥技术可有效降低农田表层土壤的盐分积累速度,以此降低洗盐频次,进而显著削减温室大棚因灌水洗盐而引起的氮磷流失负荷。当滴灌施肥区洗盐频次降低为常规区的一半时,总氮、总磷、硝氮和氨氮的年流失负荷较常规方式削减45％-53％,而作物产量基本可以保持;当洗盐频次降低为常规区的1／4时,总氮、总磷、硝氮和氨氮的年流失负荷的削减率达58％-75％,但后茬作物减产明显。     

土壤磷流失风险的水溶性磷测定方法初探*

 土壤中磷素的积累会增加磷的流失风险，影响水环境质量。对采自滇池流域不同土壤类型上的3个混合土样土壤水溶性磷（WP）的测定方法作了一个探讨，对相应原状土样进行了室内模拟降雨径流试验。结果表明：土样在浸提时间为60min时，不同水土比土壤WP测定值的标准差最小；土样在水土比为1∶60时，不同浸提时间土壤WP测定值的标准差最小，所得结果较稳定，精密度较高；土壤WP与径流总磷（TP）和可溶性总磷（TDP）之间的相关性均在水土比1∶20，浸提时间90min，水土比1∶60，浸提时间60min和90min时较好；综合来看，在水土比1∶60，浸提时间60min条件下测得的WP能更好地用来评价土壤中磷流失的环境风险。     

基于InVEST模型重庆市建设用地扩张的碳储量变化分析

建设用地的扩张是影响陆地生态系统碳储量变化的重要驱动因素。以重庆市为研究区域,基于重庆市土地利用数据、土壤数据、植被数据,从建设用地扩张的视角,采用InVEST模型,结合收集的碳密度数据,对重庆市2000年、2005年及2010年碳储量的变化进行了分析。结果表明:2000-2010年重庆市土地利用变化显著,建设用地是主要的转入者,共增长1 505.58 km²,其中90%以上的区域来自耕地以及阔叶林,造成碳净损失1.796 Mt。2005-2010年重庆市建设用地变化更加剧烈,这期间建设用地共扩张998.19 km²。建设用地主要是由西部中心逐渐向四周扩张,且增长速率加快。建设用地由2000年的598.88 km²增加到2005年的1 097.27 km²,扩张导致总碳储量减少了1 169 982.18 t,其中阔叶林的碳损失达到72%;2010年建设用地增加至2 095.46 km²,占用耕地以及阔叶林是主要的扩张形式,扩张导致总碳储量减少了1 169 982.18 t。可见,建设用地扩张过程中,碳损失的主要来源为耕地及阔叶林,其次是针叶林、草原、草地等。选择固碳能力较弱的裸地与草甸作为建设用地的扩张目标,有利于重庆市碳储量的保护与增长。     

紫色土坡面植被覆盖度对水土流失影响研究

植被是防止地面水土流失的积极因素,但在三峡库区紫色土关于植被对水土流失的影响还相对比较薄弱。本研究通过人工模拟降雨试验,分析不同草地覆盖度对紫色土坡地径流产沙的影响,定量研究不同草地覆盖度的减水减沙效益。结果表明:流量随草地植被覆盖度的增加而减小,小雨强时表现特别显著。特别是当植被覆盖度 > 60%后,径流量明显低于裸地及20%,40%植被覆盖度;植被覆盖度越高,植被降低径流含沙率的作用也就越明显,径流含沙量就越低;与草地的减沙功能相比,其削减径流作用明显弱于减沙效应,且盖度对坡面的减水特征值影响不太明显;植被覆盖的减流减沙效益在中小雨强时随雨强的增加而增加,在大雨强时,其减流减沙效益反而降低。     

白洋淀流域气温、降水和径流变化特征及其相互响应关系

运用Mann-Kendall趋势检验、突变检验和小波分析法,对白洋淀流域1957—2012年7个气象站点气温、降水和3个典型水文站点径流量的变化趋势、突变点及周期性变化进行了分析,并探讨了径流与降水和气温的响应关系,以期为该地区生态环境保护和水资源合理利用提供基础数据支持。结果表明,研究区年均气温呈上升的趋势,并在1988年后上升趋势增大,其中,冬季和春季的气温增幅对气温升高贡献较大;降水量变化相对复杂,整体呈波动下降的趋势,其中,夏季降水量减少幅度最大,达1.72 mm·a~(-1)。受气温升高和降水量的直接影响,典型站点径流量呈明显下降趋势,并在年际尺度上与气温呈负相关,与降水变化呈显著正相关;在年内尺度上,则与气温和降水变化呈显著正相关。夏季径流量减少幅度最大,阜平、倒马关和紫荆关站分别下降0.85 m~3·s~(-1)·a~(-1)、0.72 m~3·s~(-1)·a~(-1)和0.66 m~3·s~(-1)·a~(-1)。3个指标的周期性变化都比较明显,其中径流和降水的波动变化基本一致,表明径流对降水的响应比较突出。径流变化不仅受气温和降水的影响,还受到水利工程建设、各类农业措施等多种因素的影响。     

模拟降雨条件下含砾石土壤的坡面产流和入渗特征

模拟降雨条件下研究了含砾石土壤的入渗过程,分析了砾石含量和坡度对土壤坡面产流时间和入渗的影响。研究结果表明:含砾石土壤的坡面产流时间与砾石含量和坡度密切相关,当坡度>5°时,产流时间与砾石含量呈线性负相关。当坡度<5°时,不同砾石含量的土壤入渗能力表现出明显差异;砾石含量为20%~30%时,土壤入渗相对增加;当坡度>10°时,砾石含量对入渗能力的影响不明显。利用Kostiakov入渗经验模型可以很好地模拟含砾石土壤的降雨入渗过程,模型中的经验系数K能够反映出降雨开始1 min内坡度和砾石含量对入渗的影响。