Effects of misty‐fan cooling and supplemental rbST on rumen function and milk production of crossbred Holstein cattle during early,mid and late lactation in a tropical environment

Two groups of five crossbred 87.5% Holstein cattle were housed in normal shade only (NS) as non‐cooled cows and in shaded housing with misty‐fan cooling (MF) as cooled cows. The cows were treated with recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) in early, mid and late lactation with three consecutive injections of rbST in every 14 days. Ambient temperatures and the temperature humidity index in the NS barn were significantly higher than those of the MF barn, whereas relative humidity in MF was higher than that of NS barn. The DMI of cooled cows were higher than those of non‐cooled cows, and cooled cows exhibited more response to rbST treatment. Exogenous rbST significantly increased milk yield throughout lactation. The rbST‐treated cows had higher total ruminal fermentation products as volatile fatty acid and ammonia nitrogen than the non‐rbST treated cows and associated changes were greater in cooled animals in all stages of lactation. Exogenous rbST increased the concentrations of milk urea nitrogen in both groups. These results suggest that the changes in ruminal fermentation with greater production of total VFA and NH₃N in response to rbST in crossbred cows whether under misty‐fan cooling or not, is in part through an increase in feed intake, thereby making more substrate available to the mammary gland for milk synthesis.     

肉牛舍走向对夏季舍内环境的影响

为了研究肉牛舍走向对舍内环境指标的影响,试验选取2种不同走向的牛舍,测定夏季舍内温度、相对湿度、风速以及二氧化碳、氨气浓度。结果表明:东西走向牛舍内的风速显著高于南北走向牛舍(P<0.05),有效温度及有害气体浓度极显著低于南北走向牛舍(P<0.01),2种牛舍内温度和相对湿度无显著差异(P>0.05)。     

大豆素对湘中黑牛育肥牛胴体性能和肉品质的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮添加大豆素对湘中黑牛育肥牛胴体性能和肉品质的影响。选择14头健康、体重[(450±20)kg]相近、2岁左右阉割湘中黑牛,随机分成2组,每组7头,对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组饲喂基础饲粮+500 mg/kg大豆素。试验期为120 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,1)添加大豆素对宰前活重、热胴体重、屠宰率无显著影响(P0.05),胴体的脂肪含量、背膘厚有降低趋势,但差异不显著(P0.05);2)添加大豆素显著提高了背最长肌的粗脂肪含量及大理石花纹评分(P0.05),分别提高了8.34%、1.93分,并显著降低了排酸24 h肌肉的p H和水分含量(P0.05),显著增加了肌肉的红度值(P0.05);3)添加大豆素显著降低了血清中葡萄糖、尿素氮、甘油三酯、总胆固醇、非酯化脂肪酸、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇的浓度(P0.05);4)添加大豆素分别显著提高和降低了背最长肌的异柠檬酸脱氢酶活性和葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶活性(P0.05)。结果提示,饲粮添加大豆素能够影响育肥牛的脂类代谢,促进肌肉脂肪沉积,改善牛肉的大理石花纹和品质。     

青贮甜高粱与玉米秸秆饲喂肉牛效果研究

[目的]饲喂青贮甜高粱与玉米秸秆对肉牛增重的效果研究,选择11月龄、体重280Kg 的西门塔尔公牛20头进行饲喂效果对比试验。[结果]显示：对照组、试验组平均每头日增重为0.98 kg、1.45 kg。试验组比对照组平均日多增重0.47 kg,提高47.96%;净收益每头每天比对照组多9.78元。[结论]表明：青贮甜高粱饲喂育肥肉牛增重效果明显,经济效益较好。     

Effects of forage type,body condition and single‐nucleotide polymorphisms in the bovine cytochrome P450 regulatory region on cow productivity*

Single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the coding sequence of cytochrome p450 (CYP3A28) have been associated with milk yield and composition, and calving traits in cows. In this study, we aimed to determine whether (i) the CYP3A28 regulatory region was polymorphic and (ii) SNP genotype, forage type, body condition and their interactions affect cow productivity. Primers for CYP3A28 promoter were designed to amplify a 483‐bp segment by PCR. Amplicon sequences revealed seven SNP (T‐318C, T‐113A, C‐189T, T‐78G, A6G, G17A and T21C) in Brahman (38 cows), Brahman x Angus reciprocal crosses (47 cows) and crossbreds (98 cows). Angus cows (n = 41) appeared to be fixed at those SNP locations. Genotype and forage {endophyte‐infected tall fescue [KY+; Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) S. J. Darbyshire] vs. bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.]} effects on lifetime (8‐years) calving rate, and calf weaning weights and heights were determined in Herd 1 (126 cows); genotype and BC (low vs. moderate) effects on calving date and calving percent were determined in Herd 2 (98 cows). Four SNP (T‐318C, T‐113A, A06G and T21C) appeared to be related to cattle productivity, CC cows at T‐318C having a lower (p < 0.05) lifetime calving rate than TC or TT cows (65%, 85% and 81% respectively). Cows that grazed KY+ and were TT at T‐318C produced calves that tended (p < 0.07) to weigh less than their contemporaries. Moreover, calves of TT cows were shorter (p < 0.05) at weaning than calves of CC or TC cows. In Herd 2, moderate‐BC cows that were TT or AA at T‐318C, T‐113A, T‐78G, A6G and T21C had greater (p < 0.05) calving rates (74–80%) than heterozygous cows (46–60%), and low‐BC cows that were AA at G17A calved at least 6 days earlier (p < 0.05) than heterozygous cows. Our findings suggest that SNP in the CYP3A28 regulatory region of Brahman‐influenced cows are associated with cattle productivity.     

Feline gingivitis

AIM: To discover whether cross infection between red deer (Cervus elaphus) and cattle is possible with either a bovine isolate of the cattle lungworm, Dictyocaulus viviparus, or with a cervine isolate of the lungworm, Dictyocaulus eckerti.

METHOD: Twelve cattle and 12 red deer were reared parasitefree from birth. At 3–4 months of age, half of each group (n=6) were experimentally infected with D. viviparus and the other half with D. eckerti. The course of infection was monitored for 34 days, after which the animals were slaughtered and the lungs removed to assess levels of infection.

RESULTS: Faecal larval counts demonstrated that patent Dictyocaulus infections occurred in all groups. At necropsy, adult worms were found in the lungs in all groups except the cattle that were infected with D. eckerti. The largest numbers of adult worms were found in the lungs of the red deer infected with D. eckerti.

CONCLUSION: It was demonstrated that both cattle and red deer could be infected with either D. viviparus or D. eckerti. However, D. eckerti larvae that originated from deer established more successfully in deer and D. viviparus larvae that originated from cattle established more successfully in cattle.     

Effect of retinoic acid on gene expression profiles of bovine intramuscular preadipocytes during adipogenesis

To investigate genes involved in intramuscular adipogenesis in ruminants, 16 genes with dramatic variable expression were selected. These were selected from the differentiation‐ and proliferation‐phase libraries of our previous serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) studies of a clonal bovine intramuscular preadipocyte (BIP) cell line. We harvested the BIP cells over 12 days after adipogenic stimulation with all‐trans retinoic acid (ATRA). Quantitative real‐time PCR confirmed the earlier SAGE study results of the expression patterns of 15 of the genes. On day 6, TG accumulation increased significantly in the BIP cells but was completely inhibited in the 3T3‐L1 cells (the monogastric reference). ATRA enhanced expression levels of six genes whereas it suppressed expression of eight genes on day 3 of adipogenesis in the BIP cells. Forty‐eight hours after transfection, the messenger RNA expression level of the adipose differentiation‐related protein (ADFP), encoded by one of the upregulated genes, in the ADFP small interference RNA (siRNA)‐transfected cells was 3.5% of that in negative control‐transfected cells. Also, 6 days after induction the TG level in the ADFP siRNA‐transfected cells was 21.8% lower than that in negative control‐transfected cells. This analysis of gene expression profiles after ATRA treatment will contribute to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in bovine intramuscular adipogenesis.     

黄牛发情规律观察

黄牛及其改良牛的配种受胎率是体现肉牛生产力的重要指标。为提高母牛的繁殖率和肉牛业的经济效益,本文对多年来通过外部观察和直肠触诊积累的母牛发情时的行为表现及生理特点进行了初步的汇总分析,结果表明:①爬跨行为是群养牛群发情的主要特征,而鸣叫不安、食欲减退是散养牛发情的主要特征;②母牛发情多在早晨6:00-11:00及下午16:00- 19:00,发情持续期平均为25-26 h;③由发情开始到排卵的持续时间平均为33．98 h;排卵高峰多集中在12:00-14:00和晚上23:00到次日凌晨3:00;④卵泡发育以直径0．8-1．2 cm居多;⑤在发情开始后24 h输精,可望有一个较高的受胎率。     

鲁西牛的染色体研究

研究了40头鲁西牛(♂37,♀3,2n=60)染色体的 G 带,R 带,C 带及Ag-NOR,着重分析了 y 染色体的形态及带型。在常规 Giemsa 染色的分裂相上,y染色体和小的常染色体形态相近。经常规—C 带连续染色,准确识别出 y 染色体之后测量了18条 y 染色体,臂比为3.19,属亚端着丝点染色体。y 染色体的着丝点区和短臂与常染色体的着丝点区和短臂在 G 带、C 带的带型上差别很大,表明构成它们 DNA的硷基成份有差别。统计的152个细胞的 Ag-NOR 中,平均每细胞 Ag-NOR 数为5.81±1.38,变化范围2—9。按染色体长度排列,NOR 位于2、3、4、11、22(或21)和28号常染色体末端。第22(或21)号染色体上存在 NOR 在其它牛种上尚未有过报道。     

郏县红牛皮肤真菌病的流行性调查及治疗体会

本文以场内生产情况为例,记录了牛皮肤真菌病的症状、治疗及诊断和防治措施,以期给同行提供参考,共同探讨。