不同碘添加水平对牦牛瘤胃体外发酵的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加碘酸钙对牦牛瘤胃体外发酵的影响。以碘酸钙作为添加形式,以牦牛饲粮为底物进行体外瘤胃发酵,底物碘含量分别为0.1、0.3、0.5、0.7、0.9 mg/kg,发酵48h,测定发酵后的产气量、瘤胃发酵指标及消化酶活力。结果表明:当底物碘含量为0.3mg/kg,NH_3-N浓度、微生物蛋白质(MCP)含量、脂肪酶(LPS)活力、胰蛋白酶(TYS)活力、纤维素酶(CLS)活力达到最大值,分别为14.267 mg/100mL、4.619g/L、0.462U/mL、65.463U/mL、69.527U/mL,碘含量为0.3mg/kg时,乙酸(aceticacid)、丙酸(propionicacid)、总酸(TVFA)浓度达到最高值,分别为:56.142mmol/L、30.877mmol/L、87.460mmol/L,各组之间差异均不显著(P>0.05),乙酸与丙酸的比例达到最小值1.819,显著低于其它所有组乙酸与丙酸的比例(P<0.05);在底物碘含量为0.5mg/kg时,淀粉酶(AMS)活力与纤维素酶(CLS)活力达到最大值分别为1.832U/mL、69.527U/mL;在底物碘含量为0.7mg/kg时,总产气量与甲烷产量达到最大值分别为80.8mL、11.88mL。综合以上结果,在体外条件下,在底物碘含量为0.3～0.7mg/kg时,有利于瘤胃发酵和饲草料降解。     

不同CBI日粮对牦牛瘤胃发酵参数、血清生化指标和养分消化率的影响

本试验旨在探究不同碳水化合物平衡指数(Carbohydrate balance index,CBI)日粮对牦牛瘤胃发酵参数、血清生化指标和养分消化率的影响,选取3种不同CBI(1.17,2.45,5.67)日粮,采用3×3拉丁方试验设计,通过一系列指标测定,明确牦牛最优日粮CBI水平。结果表明：不同CBI牦牛日粮瘤胃发酵参数均不显著;CBI=1.17与CBI=5.67牦牛日粮的白蛋白/球蛋白差异不显著,但均显著高于CBI=2.45的牦牛日粮(P<0.05);CBI=2.45牦牛日粮干物质消化率、蛋白质消化率显著高于CBI=1.17和CBI=5.67(P<0.05);CBI=2.45与CBI=5.67牦牛日粮的中性洗涤纤维消化率差异不显著,但均显著高于CBI=1.17(P<0.05)。综上所述：牦牛日粮的CBI=2.45更有利于其瘤胃发酵和养分消化利用。     

高粗料日粮中添加脂肪对奶年血液代谢产物瘤胃发酵和干物质消化率影响的研究

对50头泌乳中期的奶牛进行为期6周的饲养试验，研究高粗料高脂肪日粮对奶牛血液代谢产物、瘤胃发酵和干物质消化率的影响。试验设有10个重复，每个重复5头奶牛，每头奶牛给定一种日粮。试验用日粮为：对照日粮（日粮1）和试验日粮（高粗料75％高脂肪7．5％，日粮2；高粗料，中等水平脂肪5．0％，日粮3；中等水平粗料65％，高水平脂肪，日粮4；中等水平粗料和脂肪，日粮5；或者对照日粮中含有50％粗料和2．0％脂肪）。这些日粮含氮量相同（CP17．7％）。粗饲料由20苜蓿干草、40％苜蓿半干青贮和40％青贮玉米组成。所用脂肪由80％瘤胃 保护脂肪和20％黄色油脂组成。试验结果表明：试验组和对照组的血糖浓度差异不显著；试验组的血浆非酯化脂肪酸（NEFA）高于对照组。而奶牛采食日粮的粗饲料和脂肪水平不同，其NEFA差异不显著；对照组、试验组与粗饲料和脂肪水平不同的日粮的瘤胃PH、瘤胃VFA浓度和干物质消化率差异不显著。     

不同收获期玉米青贮DM和CP奶牛瘤胃降解率研究

结果表明：蜡熟期玉米青贮DM的有效降解率（60.07%）分别比乳熟期（52.91%）和乳熟前期（45.13%）高7.16个百分点（P＜0.05）和14.94个百分点（P＜0.01）;乳熟期玉米青贮DM的有效降解率比乳熟前期高7.78个百分点（P＜0.05）.蜡熟期玉米青贮CP的有效降解率（81.93%）分别比乳熟期（76.43%）和乳熟前期（73.36%）高5.50个百分点（P＜0.05）和8.57个百分点（P＜0.05）;乳熟期玉米青贮CP的有效降解率比乳熟前期高3.07个百分点，但差异不显著.     

A comparative study on the rumen microbial populations,hydrolytic enzyme activities and dry matter degradability between different species of ruminant

A comparative study among Korean native cow (Hanwoo), Holstein dairy cow, Korean native goat and crossbred sheep on the population and marker concentration of ruminal microbes, the activities of carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase), xylanase and amylase, and in situ dry matter (DM) degradability were conducted. Twelve ruminally cannulated animals, three of each species, were used. Animals were fed the same diet containing 40% formula feed and 60% rice straw at the level of 2.5% of body weight. Total viable microbial populations in the rumen fluid were significantly (P < 0.01) greater for bacteria and fungi in goat than those of Holstein. The protozoan population among ruminant species was the reverse from that of bacteria. The concentrations of 2,6‐diaminopimelic acid and chitin as markers for bacteria and fungi in the rumen fluid, respectively, were highest in goat, which is in accordance with the above population data. The concentration of aminoethylphosphonic acid as marker of protozoa was highest in Hanwoo and lowest in sheep (P < 0.01). Goat had the highest (P < 0.01) activities of all the enzymes investigated among ruminants. In situ effective degradation of the DM of rice straw was approximately 19% higher in the rumen of goat compared with other animals.     

不同日粮组成对断奶初期奶公犊瘤胃内环境指标的影响

选用3头三月龄左右装有瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶公犊,按3×3完全拉丁方试验设计,喂给三种日粮。日粮组成按精粗比分别表示为:70:30;60:40;50:50,研究不同日粮组成对断奶初期奶公犊瘤胃内环境指标包括pH值、氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、纤毛虫数量及微生物蛋白的影响。试验结果表明:精粗比为70:30日粮条件下奶公犊瘤胃内pH值显著低于其它组(P<0.01),70:30日粮组瘤胃内NH3-N浓度显著高于精粗比为60:40和50:50日粮(P<0.01)。不同日粮组成下精粗比为60:40和50:50日粮的瘤胃纤毛虫数量和微生物蛋白显著高于高精料组70:30日粮(P<0.01)。     

瘤胃尼龙袋法测定常用饲料过瘤胃淀粉量及淀粉瘤胃降解率

以9头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古半细毛羯羊为试验动物,采用尼龙袋法对玉米淀粉、玉米、麸皮、豆粕、麻粕、棉籽粕、苜蓿干草、羊草、肋麦野豌豆、玉米秸等10种常用饲料的过瘤胃淀粉量及淀粉瘤胃降解率进行了比较研究。结果表明,各种饲料的过瘤胃淀粉量(g/kg)依次为417.85、404.84、226.31、62.04、110.56、108.61、73.50、50.87、47.55、24.43;其淀粉瘤胃降解率%依次为60.95、50.47、61.70、80.19、65.57、61.01、53.15、64.23、70.40、73.65。     

Effect of Different Concentrate-roughage Ratios on Rumen Degradability of Cassava Stems and Leaves Total Mixed Ration in Goat

The rumen degradations of TMR were studied in this experiment,in which cassava stems and leaves were used as roughage and formulated with concentrate in different proportions.The purpose of this study was to formulate the available TMR for finishing goat,and provide a theoretical basis for the applications of cassava stems and leaves in goat production.Six Hainan Black goats with permanent rumen fistulas were selected,the rumen degradabilities of DM,CP,NDF and ADF of TMR with 6 different concentrate to forage ratio（2:8,3:7,4:6,5:5,6:4 and 7:3）were tested using nylon bag method.The results showed that,the DM effective degradabilities at the ratio of 4:6,5:5,6:4,7:3 were significantly higher than that of 2:8 and 3:7（P<0.05).CP effective degradabilities at the ratio of 2:8,3:7,4:6 were significantly higher than that of 5:5,6:4 and 7:3（P<0.05).The NDF effective degradation at the ratio of 5:5 was significantly higher than that in the other groups（P<0.05).The ADF degradation at the ratio of 3:7 was significantly higher than that of 4:6,5:5, 6:4 and 7:3（P<0.05).The results indicated that,the nutrient degradation in rumen were higher when the concentrate to forage（cassava stems and leaves）ratio in TMR were 3:7,4:6 and 5:5,and the recommended ratio range were 4:6 to 5:5 in production practice.     

Effect of feeding forest foliages, rice straw and concentrate-based total mixed ration on nutrient utilization and growth in mithun (Bos frontalis)

The study aimed to evaluate the effect of feeding Borrena hirticulata (BH), Ficus hirta (FH), rice straw (RS) and concentrate-based total mixed ration (TMR) on nutrient utilization, rumen fermentation and growth in mithun. Growing male mithun calves were randomly allotted to 2 feeding groups (6 in each), TMR₁ and TMR₂. The TMRs consisted of RS 300 g kg^− 1, concentrate 400 g kg^− 1 and BH 300 g kg^− 1 (TMR₁) or FH 300 g kg^− 1 (TMR₂) on a dry matter (DM) basis. Both TMRs were fed ad libitum to the animals for 121 d and a digestibility study was conducted during the last 7 d of the experiment. To assess rumen fermentation, rumen fluid was collected at 2 h interval for 24 h. Apparent digestibility of DM, crude protein (CP) and crude fibre (CF) did not differ significantly between the TMRs. Nevertheless, apparent digestibility of ether extract was found to be significantly (P < 0.01) greater in TMR₂ (0.59) compared to TMR₁ (0.54). Body weight gain (BWG; g d^− 1), DM intake (kg d^− 1), CP intake (g d^− 1) and feed efficiency (kg feed kg^− 1 gain) were found to be significantly (P < 0.05) greater in TMR₁ (548, 5.14, 713 and 9.28) compared to TMR₂ (496, 4.91, 703 and 10.03). An insignificant positive association (r = 0.35) between DM intake and BWG, but a significant (P < 0.01) positive association (r = 0.74) between CP intake and BWG were evident. Rumen pH (5.71 to 7.18) and ammonia-nitrogen (8.0 to 25.0 mg/dl) did not differ significantly between the TMRs, but differed significantly (P < 0.01) at different h post-feeding. In contrast, rumen total volatile fatty acid (42 to 105 mM) and total nitrogen (40.4 to 90.3 mg/dl) differed significantly (P < 0.05) between the TMRs and at different h post-feeding. The study revealed that BH, FH, RS and concentrate-based TMRs may be fed to mithun for satisfactory growth.     

尼龙袋法评价香蕉叶单宁对瘤胃降解特性的影响

旨在探究香蕉叶单宁对奶牛瘤胃降解特性的影响和评价香蕉叶的饲喂价值。样品分别为苜蓿干草组(100%的苜蓿干草)、苜蓿干草和香蕉叶混合组(50%苜蓿干草+50%香蕉叶)、香蕉叶组(100%香蕉叶)、苜蓿干草组(100%的苜蓿干草)+6%聚乙二醇(6% PEG)、苜蓿干草和香蕉叶混合组(50%苜蓿干草+50%香蕉叶)+6%聚乙二醇(6% PEG)、香蕉叶组(100%香蕉叶)+6%聚乙二醇(6% PEG)。测定样品中的营养成分含量,使用3头安装了瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛进行半体内试验,用尼龙袋法测定上述样品在瘤胃内0、2、4、8、12、24、48、72 h的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的降解率,得到各营养物质的动态降解参数。结果表明,相较于苜蓿干草,香蕉叶干物质和粗蛋白的快速降解部分、慢速降解部分、慢速降解部分的降解速率、有效降解率是显著低于苜蓿干草的(P<0.001),香蕉叶和苜蓿的NDF的有效降解率没有显著差异。添加了PEG后,香蕉叶和香蕉叶苜蓿混合组的快速降解部分和有效降解率显著高于未添加PEG的两组(P<0.001)。结果表明香蕉叶中的单宁会抑制香蕉叶的瘤胃降解率,因此在使用香蕉叶调制反刍动物的饲料时需要控制单宁的含量。