Rumen degradation characteristics of sweet potato foliage and performance by local and crossbred calves fed milk and foliage from three cultivars

The study investigated rumen dry matter (DM) degradability characteristics in a completely randomized design and the effects of milk, sweet potato foliage (SPF) from three cultivars (A = TIS-87/0087; B = TIS-8164; C = TIS-2532.OP.1.13), dried brewers' grains (DBG) and cottonseed meal (CSM) as supplements to Panicum maximum (Panicum) for pre-weaned calves in randomized complete block designs. Diet 1 = milk + SPF-A foliage + Panicum, Diet 2 = milk + SPF-B foliage + Panicum, Diet 3 = milk + SPF-C foliage + Panicum, and Diet 4 = milk + DBG & CSM + Panicum (as control). Dry matter (130 ± 0.4 to 864 ± 3.9 g kg^− 1), ash (54 ± 4.2 to 173 ± 2.8 g kg^− 1 DM), OM (827 ± 4.2 to 946 ± 5.7 g kg^− 1 DM), N (7.4 ± 0.6 to 38.6 ± 1.4 g kg^− 1 DM), and NDF (439 ± 1.4 to 774 ± 8.5 g kg^− 1 DM) contents were highly significant (P < 0.01). In Trial I, 16 pre-weaned calves were used over 70 d with milk intake (34.8 ± 4.4 ml kg W^− 0.75 d^− 1), Panicum DMI (22.3 ± 2.77 g kg W^− 0.75 d^− 1), total DMI (35.7 ± 2.83 g kg W^− 0.75 d^− 1), and LWG (198 ± 44.6 g d^− 1) not significantly different (P > 0.05). Supplement DMI varied (P < 0.05) from 11.6 g kg W^− 0.75 d^− 1 in Diet 3 to 16.6 g kg W^− 0.75 d^− 1 in Diet 4. In Trial II, 16 pre-weaned local and crossbred calves were involved over 77 d with initial age of calves, Panicum intake, metabolic DMI, and LWG similar (P > 0.05) among crosses. Birthweight varied (P < 0.05) from 17.3 kg for N'Dama × Jersey crosses to 21.2 kg for White Fulani × Brown Swiss crosses. Supplement and total DMI ranged (P < 0.05) from 172 to 483 g d^− 1 for N'Dama × Jersey crosses to 233 and 674 g d^− 1 for non-inseminate or purebred calves, respectively. The LWG in the White Fulani × Brown Swiss and the N'Dama × Jersey calves were respectively 30% and 24% better, though not significantly, than purebred calves. In Trial III, rumen DM degradability characteristics of feeds in three N'Dama steers showed no significant differences (P > 0.05) in slowly degradable fraction (b) and rate of degradation of b (c). Soluble fraction (a), 48-h degradation, potential degradability (PD) and effective degradability (ED) varied significantly (P < 0.05) and were lowest in Panicum, but similar for foliage among the three sweet potato cultivars. Panicum fodder showed improvements in degradation characteristics with supplementation.     

Nutritive value of forage species grown in the warm temperate climate of Australia for dairy cows: Herbs and grain crops

The objective of this study was to quantify the nutritive characteristics of 6 grain crops and 4 herb forages over 4 seasons, when all species were grown at the same site, under the same climatic and edaphic conditions, and with soil moisture and nutrient availability being non-limiting to growth. The forages grown were maize (Zea mays), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), millet (Pennisetum americana), wheat (Triticum aestivum), triticale (Triticum × secale), oats (Avena sativa), fodder radish (Raphanu sativa), rape (Brassica rapa), chicory (Cachorium intybus) and plantain (Plantago lanceolata). The in sacco degradation characteristics of organic matter (OM) and crude protein of herbages were measured in the rumen of cannulated sheep in order to calculate the availability of effective rumen degradable protein (ERDP), rumen by pass protein, metabolisable protein (MP) and the synchrony index (I_s), which describes the efficiency of utilization of degradable nitrogen (N) and OM for microbial protein synthesis (MPS) in the rumen.In this study, all grain crops except maize had a ERDP/fermentable metabolizable energy (FME) ratio varying from 14 for millet to 23 for wheat, well above the ratio of 11 required for optimum MPS in the rumen of dairy cows. In contrast, maize had the lowest ERDP/FME ratio of 3, indicating that ERDP would be limiting MPS in the rumen. The availability of MP varied from 58 g/kg DM in maize to 153 g/kg DM in wheat and all forage species except maize were be able to meet the MP requirement of high-producing dairy cows (30 L/milk/day) provided they were able to consume 11 to13 kg DM/cow/day of the forage.The availability of MP from herbs varied from 95 g/kg DM in fodder radish to 163 g/kg DM in plantain, which would be sufficient for high-producing cows, however, most dairy cows could not consume sufficient forage to achieve these high levels of production due to very high nitrate content in rape (mean of 11.1 g/kg DM) and fodder radish (mean of 8 g/kg DM).     

高通量测序分析不同断奶时间对南方黄牛犊牛瘤胃细菌菌群的影响

本试验旨在研究不同断奶时间对南方黄牛犊牛瘤胃微生物多样性、物种丰度的影响。选用18头南方黄牛犊牛,依据出生体重相近原则随机分成对照组(NW,n=3)和早期断奶组(EW,n=15)。NW组不早期断奶;3个早期断奶组逐渐增加开食料、青饲料的饲喂量,当犊牛连续3 d每日进食固体饲料干物质分别达500 g(EW500,n=5)、750 g(EW750,n=5)和1 000 g(EW1000,n=5)时,停喂代乳粉。犊牛断奶后利用口腔取样装置获取瘤胃内容物样品,用Illumina-Mi Seq高通量测序技术分析瘤胃细菌结构和组成的变化。结果表明:NW组瘤胃细菌最多的是厚壁菌门(P0.05);EW组拟杆菌门相对较高,EW750和EW1000组较NW组差异显著(P0.05);瘤胃内细菌在属水平上普雷沃氏菌占比例较多,EW组的普雷沃氏菌较NW组有所增加(P0.05),丁酸弧菌属和琥珀酸菌属均显著增加(P0.05),但EW500、EW750和EW1000组间差异不显著(P0.05);EW组分支杆菌属和颤螺菌属较NW组显著降低(P0.05)。由此可见,早期断奶能显著影响犊牛瘤胃细菌多样性及物种丰度,但是不同早期断奶时间处理组之间差异不显著,从瘤胃微生物角度,推荐日采食固体饲料干物质达500 g时断奶。     

瘤胃持续模拟装置测定低质粗饲料发酵规律的研究

用瘤胃模拟技术研究不同喂料方式及不同粗饲料对发酵罐内ｐＨ值，氨氮（ＮＨ３－Ｎ）浓度，总氮（ＴＮ）浓度及挥发性脂肪酸（ＶＦＡ）的影响。选用２５ｇ喂料量，分别以稻草，羊草和麦秸为被测日粮，比较５２μｍ尼龙袋法，散放法和２５０μｍ尼龙袋法３种喂料方式对发酵罐内粗饲料发酵规律的影响。结果ｐＨ值散放法最高，２４小时为７．２８～７．５０，２５０μｍ尼龙袋法最低，为７．０５～７．１５。２４小时ＶＦＡ浓度是散放法最低，分别为稻草组２８．０９ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，羊草组３０．０４ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，麦秸组２７．０１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，２５０μｍ尼龙袋法最高，分别为稻草组３１．０６ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，羊草组３２．２７ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，麦秸组３０．００ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ。结果表明３种喂料方式中２５０μｍ尼龙袋法效果最佳，３种低质粗饲料中羊草营养价值最高。     

饲喂不同蛋白水平日粮的牦牛瘤胃氮代谢与十二指肠各氮组分流量

采用瘘管手术方法对３头生长牦牛在饲喂代谢能ＭＥ均为９．６ＭＪ／ｋｇＤＭ，粗蛋白（ＣＰ）为８％和１２％的日粮时的复胃氮代谢与瘤胃、肠道消化代谢进行研究。试验结果表明，日粮ＣＰ水平升高后，生长牦牛瘤胃氨氮浓度由３．３升至５．９ｍｇ／１００ｍｌ（Ｐ＜０．０１），瘤胃内氮的消失率由１．９％升到２１．１％（Ｐ＜０．０１）。瘤胃微生物蛋白质合成效率基本不变（平均６９．１ｇＣｐ／ｋｇＤＯＭ）；一昼夜进入十二指肠的食糜量及食糜干物质量基本不变；食糜总氮、氨氮及非氨氮量均显著增加（Ｐ＜０．０１），其中非氨氮增加２０％：非氨氮中微生物氮的比例由４５％降至３９％（Ｐ＜０，０５）；日粮ＤＭ，ＯＭ，ＣＰ和ＡＤＦ整体消化率分别提高１２．９％、１３．４％、３４％和２２．３％（Ｐ＜０．０１）。日粮ＣＰ由８％升至１２％后，生长牦牛瘤胃ＴＶＦＡ中乙酸比例由５４％降至４３．５％（Ｐ＜０．０１）．丙酸比例由２４．８％升至２８．４％（Ｐ＜０．０５），丁酸比例也由２１．１％增至２８．５％（Ｐ＜０．０１）。同时Ｃ２／Ｃ３比由２．１９降至１．５４（Ｐ＜０．０１）。     

Interactions between metabolic status, pre-breeding protein supplementation, uterine pH, and embrionic mortality in ewes: Preliminary observations

The effect of prebreeding short-term protein supplementation level (PL) and body condition (BC) on fertility rate (FERT,%), uterine pH and embryonic mortality (EMORT,%) in sheep, was evaluated. Multiparous Rambouillet ewes at low BC (LC; n = 6, 62.7 ± 1.7 kg) or high BC (HC; n = 6, 71.9 ± 1.7 kg), received. within BC, one of two levels of ruminally undegradable protein: low (LP, 14 g/ewe per day) and high (HP, 30 g/ewe per day). Once the animals were euthanized, corpus luteum number (CLN), as an indicator of ovulation rate, was registered and uterine horns were irrigated to recover embryonic tissue plus associated membranes as well as to measure uterine pH (UpH). While EMORT-1 considered a nonadjusted relationship between the number of embryos and CLN, EMORT-2 considered an analysis of covariance using CLN as the covariate. The HP-supplemented ewes had the lowest FERT (p=0.06; 100% vs 50%) and the highest EMORT (EMORT-1, 16.6% vs 53.8%, p = 0.08; EMORT-2, 52.0% vs 14.5%, p = 0.07) when compared to the LP-supplemented ewes. Neither BC nor PL affected CLN, CL weight or P₄ release (p > 0.10). While the lowest UpH (p = 0.04) was observed in the HP-supplemented ewes, this group also showed the lowest fertility and the highest embryonic mortality.     

脱酚棉籽蛋白替代日粮中不同比例豆粕对奶牛瘤胃发酵参数的影响

本试验旨在研究脱酚棉籽蛋白替代奶牛日粮中不同比例豆粕对奶牛瘤胃发酵特性的影响。选用3头经产的中国荷斯坦泌乳中期奶牛,安装永久瘤胃瘘管,前后对照试验设计,日粮包括对照组、50%颗粒替代组（试验Ⅰ组）和100％颗粒替代组（试验Ⅱ组）,共3期,每期17d。结果表明：（1）随着替代水平的升高,奶牛瘤胃内pH呈升高趋势。对照组pH平均值与其它两组差异显著（P〈0．05）;（2）三个处理组奶牛瘤胃液内NH3-N浓度平均值依次增加,其中对照组与试验Ⅱ组差异显著（P〈0．05）;（3）对照组瘤胃液内的乙酸、丙酸浓度平均值显著高于其他组（P〈0．05）,试验Ⅰ组高于试验Ⅱ组（P〉0．05）,对照组乙酸丙酸比值平均值明显低于其他组（P〈0．05）。试验Ⅰ组低于试验Ⅱ组（P〉0．05）。     

青粗饲料通过牛瘤胃外流速度的研究

用铬标记饲料的方法测定了不同细度、不同种类粗饲料通过瘤胃的部分外流速度 Kp。试验结果表明,标记饲料的细度明显影响 Kp 的测定结果。饲料颗粒越细,通过瘤胃的外流速度越快。对于粗饲料,测定 Kp 时标记粒度应在流出瘤胃的临界粒度1.19mm 以下才具有代表性。不同种类的粗饲料,其 Kp 值不同。羊草、高粱青贮和豆腐渣的 Kp 值分别为0.0314、0.0253、0.0399h~(-1)。     

特定氨基酸缺省底物对体外培养混合瘤胃微生物及其发酵的影响

 【目的】研究特定氨基酸在人工瘤胃体外培养条件下如何影响瘤胃微生物群系特征及其发酵。【方法】研究中以3只瘘管山羊作为瘤胃液供体,采用底物去除技术,底物设计分别为：全量必需氨基酸组（TEAA）,组氨酸、赖氨酸、蛋氨酸和支链氨基酸（BCAA）的缺省组。【结果】底物对培养液pH均值没有显著性影响,但各组pH值随时间的变化模式有所不同;培养液氨氮浓度较高,在10.99～30.51 mg/100 ml范围变动,各组氨氮浓度随时间的变化模式也有明显的不同;特定氨基酸缺省对微生物蛋白产量限制程度不同,以BCAA缺省对微生物蛋白产量的限制最大,相对于全量组混合微生物蛋白下降了44.52%。研究还发现底物对微生物区系也有一定的影响,原虫与细菌比值以赖氨酸缺省组最低（89.12%）,BCAA缺省组最高（127.60%）（P＜0.01）。另外,微生物的PCR-SSCP图谱显示微生物区系内的种属也因底物变化而发生了改变。【结论】底物氨基酸对瘤胃混合微生物群系及其发酵有一定的影响作用,支链氨基酸是瘤胃混合微生物生长所必需的氨基酸。