The effect of dicyandiamide on rumen and blood metabolites,diet digestibility and urinary excretion

The excretion of urine by dairy cows provides a source of nitrogen (N) to pasture. Excess N from urine patches can be lost through nitrate (NO₃⁻) leaching and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions. Dicyandiamide (DCD) inhibits nitrification in the soil and is usually applied to the pasture by blanket spreading the entire field. This study assessed the potential of pulse-dosing cows with DCD so that the DCD will be excreted in the urine and deposited directly onto the urine patches. The objective of this study was to measure the recovery of DCD in urine and faeces and to assess the effects of DCD on rumen and blood metabolites and diet digestibility. Eight non-lactating Holstein–Friesian dairy cows fitted with rumen cannulae were assigned to two treatments in a Latin square design over two periods. The two treatments used were (1) control (CON) consisting of 500 ml distilled water and (2) DCD consisting of 0.1 g DCD per kg liveweight (LW) suspended in 500 ml distilled water. Both treatments were pulse-dosed into the rumen daily for 6 days with half the volume dosed in the morning and the remainder in the afternoon. The administration of DCD into the rumen had no effect on rumen and blood metabolites, and diet digestibility when compared to the control treatment, as all were not significantly different from the control treatment and were within the normal biological range. During 6 days of dosing with DCD the average recovery of the dosed DCD in urine was 82.3%, with a further 2.1% recovered in the faeces. No DCD was recovered in the urine and faeces 10 days following the cessation of dosing. These results could provide the basis for a novel mitigation strategy to reduce NO₃⁻ leaching and N₂O emissions from urine patches in grazed grassland.     

Restricting access time at pasture and time of grazing allocation for Holstein dairy cows: Ingestive behaviour,dry matter intake and milk production

The objective of this study was to assess the effects of restricting access time to pasture and time of grazing allocation on grazing behaviour, daily dry matter intake (DMI), rumen fermentation, milk production and composition in dairy cows. Twenty-one autumn-calving Holstein cows were assigned to one of the following 3 treatments: providing access to a daily strip of pasture for either 8 h between 07:00 and 15:00 h (T7–15), 4 h between 07:00 and 11:00 h (T7–11), or 4 h between 11:00 and 15:00 h (T11–15). The experimental period consisted of 3 weeks of adaptation and 6 weeks of measurements. Cows were offered a daily herbage allowance of 18 kg DM/cow to ground level, 6.1 kg DM/day of a ground sorghum grain-based supplement and 5.2 kg DM/day of maize silage. Milk yield was greater for cows with 8 h access time to the pasture (25.4 vs. 24.1 for 8 and 4 h access time, respectively). Milk yield was not different between cows that access early (T7–11) or late (T11–15) to the grazing session. Milk protein yield was greater for cows with 8 h access time (0.75 kg/d) vs. 4 h access time treatments (0.72 kg/d). Cows with late access time to grazing in the morning produce more protein (0.74 kg/d) than cows with early access to the pasture (0.70 kg/d). Duration of access had a significant effect on herbage DMI (8.3 vs. 6.6 kg/d, for 8 and 4 h access, respectively), but there was no significant effect of time of grazing allocation. Intakes of concentrate and maize silage DM did not differ between treatments.     

沙打旺茎秆的饲用价值评价

为了阐明沙打旺茎秆的真实饲用价值,正确指导其饲喂利用技术,以玉米秸秆为对照,从营养物质含量、绒山羊采食量和瘤胃降解率等方面进行了对比研究.结果表明:不含叶片的沙打旺茎秆营养品质明显下降,粗蛋白质含量仅为8.36 ％/DM,NDF和ADF的含量高达81.51％/DM和65.26％/DM;沙打旺茎秆的可食性较差,绒山羊对其干物质采食量为58.2g/kg·W0.75,低于玉米秸秆,作为单一日粮饲喂绒山羊无法满足其维持营养需要;沙打旺茎秆干物质在绒山羊瘤胃内的有效降解率非常低,只有13.96％,基本上失去了饲用价值,成为劣质粗饲料.     

生育期与品种对紫花苜蓿营养价值及瘤胃降解率的影响

选用3个品种(肇东、龙牧801和龙牧803)、3个不同生育期(现蕾期、初花期和盛花期)的紫花苜蓿,研究不同生育期与品种对苜蓿营养价值及瘤胃降解特性的影响。结果表明,粗蛋白质(CP)含量、粗灰分(CA)含量、CP和中性洗涤纤维(NDF)的瘤胃有效降解率及快速降解组分(a组分)含量均随生育期的延长而降低;NDF、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和CP的慢速降解组分(b组分)含量随生育期的延长而升高;肇东和龙牧803的CP含量、NDF有效降解率极显著高于龙牧801(P<0.01);ADF含量、CP有效降解率按肇东、龙牧801、龙牧803顺序显著降低(P<0.05);生育期与品种对CP含量、CA含量及CP、NDF有效降解率均有明显的互作效应。     

Pilot study to monitor body temperature of dairy cows with a rumen bolus

A bolus containing a mote (temperature sensor, processor and radio) was placed in the rumen of a fistulated cow to monitor body temperature. Rumen temperature was measured every minute and stored in the internal buffer of the mote. The measured temperature was also transmitted to a base station by the mote every minute. A relay mote mounted on the cows’ left front leg assisted transmission of the information from rumen to the base station. Cow behaviour affected the success rate of data transmission. The base station received more than 50% of the transmitted data when the cow was standing. Success rate was lower than 40% when the cow was lying down. Rumen temperature varied diurnally with night-time temperatures higher than day-time temperatures. Drinking events resulted in distinct decreases of the rumen temperature. It is concluded that for the application of internal sensor motes wireless communication through the body and living environment of the animal works but improvements are possible. Research should also focus on the interpretation of sensor data on mote level for optimizing data recording frequency and transmission of data to dairy management practice.     

大额牛瘤胃细菌16S rRNA基因序列分析

【目的】研究大额牛(Bos frontalis）瘤胃细菌16S rRNA基因序列,为揭示大额牛瘤胃细菌组成的多样性以及开发这一珍稀生物资源提供分子生物学依据。【方法】采用细菌通用引物F27和R1492对目标基因进行PCR扩增,克隆、测序后利用Neighbor-joining方法构建系统进化树。【结果】共获得147个16S rRNA基因序列,在GenBank登录号为DQ673466～DQ673612。按照97%的相似性标准,这些序列被分为86个操作分类单元。有16个序列与已培养菌的序列相似性≥97%,占总序列的10.9%;另有22个序列与已培养菌的序列相似性为90%～97%,占总序列的15%;剩余109个序列为未培养、鉴定菌,所占比例高达74.1%。系统进化分析显示,大额牛瘤胃细菌主要分布于低G+C含量细菌门（57.1%）和噬纤维菌/屈扰杆菌/拟杆菌门（42.2%）,仅有一个序列位于螺旋体门。【结论】本试验获得了大额牛瘤胃细菌16S rRNA基因序列,为进一步研究大额牛瘤胃微生态系统组成及其与饲料消化之间的关系奠定了基础。     

过瘤胃胆碱的制备及保护效果评定

以氯化胆碱为原料,选用不同的壁材,采用流化床包衣技术,制成3种不同的过瘤胃保护胆碱产品,即壳聚糖和丙烯酸树脂Ⅳ号双层包衣（C1）、丙烯酸树脂Ⅳ号包衣（C2）和壳聚糖包衣（C3）,并对3种产品用体外法和尼龙袋法进行包被效果评定。结果表明,采用尼龙袋法在奶牛瘤胃中培养2～48h,C1的释放率最低,为15.81%～61.50%;采用体外法在pH值为6.6缓冲溶液中培养4～48h,C1的释放率也是最低,为14.74%～32.32%,在瘤胃中的有效保护率达62.04%,可见C1的保护效果最佳。     

蛋氨酸硒对西门塔尔牛瘤胃发酵及尿嘌呤衍生物的影响

选用4头平均体重420 kg、年龄2.5岁装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的西门塔尔牛阉牛,采用4x4拉丁方设计,以混合精料和风干玉米秸秆为基础日粮,以蛋氨酸硒为硒源,在基础日粮中分别添加硒0 mg·kg-1、0.3mg·kg-1、0.6 mg·kg-1和0.9 mg·kg-1,研究蛋氨酸硒对西门塔尔牛瘤胃pH、氨态氮、VFA、营养物质降解率及尿嘌呤衍生物浓度的影响.结果表明:不同浓度硒处理间西门塔尔牛瘤胃pH、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)和乙酸,丙酸无显著差异(P>0.05),氨态氮浓度显著低于对照(P<0.05);0.6mg·kg-1硒处理组西门塔尔牛玉米秸秆干物质(DM)、有机物质(OM)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和豆粕DM、OM、粗蛋白质(CP)有效降解率均显著高于对照(P<0.05);0.6mg·kg-1和0.9mg·kg-1硒处理组西门塔尔牛尿囊素和尿嘌呤衍生物浓度显著高于0.3 mg·kg-1组和对照组(P<0.05);西门塔尔牛日粮以蛋氨酸硒为硒源时,硒的适宜添加浓度为0.6 mg·kg-1.     

液态蛋氨酸羟基类似物的瘤胃降解研究进展

液态蛋氨酸羟基类似物 (HMB)是一种有效的反刍动物用活性蛋氨酸源 ,具有提高产奶量、改善乳成分、促进脂肪代谢和降低饲料成本等多种作用。本文在综述 HMB瘤胃降解研究结果的基础上 ,对影响其降解率的有关因素进行了详细分析 ,并指出消化道食糜流动速度是影响HMB利用率的主要因素