Nitrification kinetics of biofilm as affected by water quality factors

Various types of fixed film biofilters have been used in recirculating aquaculture systems under different water quality and operating conditions. The effectiveness of the nitrification process can be evaluated by nitrification kinetics. Nitrification in the bacterial film of the biofilter involves physical, chemical and biological processes that are governed by a variety of parameters such as substrate and dissolved oxygen concentrations, organic matters, temperature, pH, alkalinity, salinity and turbulence level. The impacts of these parameters upon nitrification kinetics make predicting the performance of a biofilter for a given application an engineering challenge. Knowing the performance of a biofilter is critical for both designers and managers. This paper summarizes the current knowledge on nitrification kinetics as affected by the aforementioned factors based on literature and the results from the authors’ laboratories. These factors were ranked according to their significance of impact on biofilter nitrification performance. The information presented can be used as a reference for the design and operation of biofilters in recirculating aquaculture systems.     

基于“柠檬市场”理论的食品安全研究

针对食品安全市场频现“柠檬市场”现象,基于以往学者对于柠檬市场和食品安全的研究,从“柠檬市场”理论角度提出了解决食品质量安全问题的一些政策建议,如限定各主体的行为规范、完善行政监督体系、实施企业自检制度、推动全民参与等,为净化食品市场提供政策参考。     

中国啦啦队运动推广机制的回顾与思考

运用文献资料、访谈调查等研究方法,对我国啦啦队运动这种“自下而上”的推广机制进行研究。认为当前我国啦啦队运动的推广实现了由民间到半官方到官方的转变,是在原有机制上的延续和丰富。多元化的推广机制导致了发展的分化;政府主导下的商业化发展模式产生了新形势下的公司性质的垄断。为此,提出应该加强中国啦啦队运动推广机构的合作,实现运动项目良性发展,避免推广模式过度行政化和商业化。     

美国《数学评论》光盘版2004年收录中国高校学报统计

利用美国《数学评论》2004年光盘，对其收录的90余种中国高校学报进行了检索统计．结果表明：2004年总计收录1858条，江苏、山东、北京和上海为入选期刊数最多的省市，收录量列前3住的依次是四川、山东和江苏。其中四川大学学报（0490—6756）收录量最多，为87条，四川师范大学学报自然科学版（1001-8395）收录76条，为师范大学学报收录最多的期刊。     

叶用莴苣抗氧化物及其生物活性研究进展

叶用莴苣(Lactuca sativa L.)又名生菜,富含多酚化合物、抗坏血酸、类胡萝卜素、VE等高活性抗氧化物质。本文从生菜抗氧化活性物质的组分及含量、抗氧化活性评价及抗氧化机理、外界因素对生菜抗氧化物的影响等方面综述了生菜抗氧化研究领域近年来的研究成果,并对未来研究方向进行了展望。     

油菜素内酯提高蔬菜作物抗逆性的研究进展

油菜素内酯化合物(Brassinosteroids,BRs)是国际上公认的一类高效、广谱、无毒的新型植物甾醇类生长激素。近年来研究发现,BRs的使用可显著提高植物对生物和非生物逆境的抗性,从而促进植物生长发育,大幅度提高作物产量。本文综述了BRs的类型、应用方式以及在提高蔬菜抵抗干旱、低氧、温度、盐离子、病害、重金属等环境胁迫方面的研究成果,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒传播方式的研究进展

黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒(Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus,CGMMV)是葫芦科作物重要病毒,通过多种方式如种子、土壤、水、介体和机械接触传播,病害蔓延扩散迅速。该病害在许多国家和地区频繁报道,我国也曾大面积受到为害,尤其是西瓜嫁接地区,产业损失严重。带毒种子为初侵染源,发生过该病害的地块土壤也是重要的侵染源,发病植株可通过灌溉水以及机械接触传播病毒。为了更好地控制该病害的发生与流行,本文介绍了该病毒传播方式方面的研究进展。     

冬小麦育种目标十五年来的回顾和展望

本文总结了十五年来冬小麦育种工作的经验,结果表明,制定正确的育种目标是育种成败的关键.育种目标要适应生产的发展,要纠正脱离实际的过高的产量指标,在高产的基础上逐步改善品质.为了满足本地区不同条件下种植的小麦与其前后茬粮食作物,实现全年各茬均衡增产及连年持续丰产的要求,必须培育一整套品种,尤其要重视早熟品种的选育.还应要求冬小麦良种的性状在确保稳产的基础上去求高产;强调具备越冬抗寒性,抗多种病害,高抗倒伏,并能保持较大的生物学产量.文内设计及评价了产量构成因素不同组配的四种类型:多穗型、中间型、大穗(或穗重)型和耐晚播早熟型.     

Structure and diversity among rhizobial strains, populations and communities-a review

Published studies of rhizobial populations, communities and other strain collections were analysed to identify trends in strain richness, strain dominance and genetic diversity within and between locations. For individual populations and communities, strain richness indices were calculated by dividing the number of strain types identified by the number of isolates recovered. Where possible, strain dominance (the proportion of rhizobial isolates represented by each strain type) was also calculated. Analysis of the genetic diversity of populations, communities and rhizobial strain collections originating from diverse legume hosts and locations, was confined to studies using multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE) so that diversity could be compared on the basis of published H values. Strain richness indices were highly variable (0.02-0.94) and were influenced by both the discriminatory power of the strain typing method and the type and number of legume species used to recover rhizobia from soil. The strain richness of populations recovered either directly from soil, or from the nodules of trap hosts inoculated with the same soil, was similar. Because the arithmetic relationship between the number of strain types and number of isolates varies between different populations and communities, strain richness curves are proposed as the most appropriate method for reporting rhizobial structural diversity. Comparison of over 50 rhizobial populations and communities from published studies showed that strain dominance patterns in nodules were often similar. Typically, a single strain type occupies more than 30% of nodules with the majority of strain types being recovered at low frequency (∼75% of published populations and communities). Rhizobial populations and communities characterised by MLEE varied in their genetic diversity, with H values ranging from 0.06 to 0.78. In several studies, most of the genetic diversity within a site could be recovered from the nodules of a single plant. When hierarchical analyses were performed on populations within and between sites, the genetic diversity within sites was similar to the genetic diversity between sites. Similarly, the genetic diversity of strain collections originating from multiple hosts and locations was no more diverse than some individual populations and communities. Strain richness and genetic diversity measures were not always correlated for rhizobial populations. Populations with low strain richness were sometimes genetically diverse, and the relationship between the diversity measures varied for different legume species at the same location. We suggest that both strain richness and genetic diversity measures are required to fully describe rhizobial population and community diversity.     

Turloughs - Ireland’s unique wetland habitat

Turloughs are karst wetland ecosystems that are virtually unique to Ireland. Flooding annually in autumn through springs and fissures in the underlying limestone and draining in the springtime, often through the same fissures or swallow-holes, they have been described as ‘temporal ecotones’. Over 300 have been documented. They are priority habitats in the EU Habitats Directive and support a variety of wet grassland and fen type vegetation. Though the vegetation has been recorded and mapped for over 80 turloughs, records for invertebrates are more sporadic. Characteristic species include some aquatic species-often benefiting from the absence of fish-, and many wetland terrestrial species, including carabid beetles that are rare on a European scale. Due to their shallow nature and the full vegetation cover of the basin, turloughs can host internationally significant numbers of visiting winter wildfowl, particularly whooper swans. The variety of plant and invertebrate communities between turloughs is primarily due to different hydrogeomorphological characteristics, but also depends on the range of grazing practices on turloughs. Since these often vary within a turlough basin, this helps maintain within-turlough biodiversity. The main threat to turloughs in the past was drainage, but pollution by nutrients is also now potentially detrimental. However, a more recent and important threat may be the cessation of farming within turloughs. As potentially threatened wetlands of European importance, turloughs require a full inventory of their biodiversity and the factors affecting it. The collation here of all literature concerning turloughs will provide a basis for an integrated approach to future research on turloughs that is essential for a full understanding of these complex ecosystems.