青岛近海赤潮灾害分级与时空分布及赤潮生物的变化

根据赤潮发生面积和赤潮藻类的危害类型,将青岛近海发生的赤潮划分为特大、重度、中度、轻度和轻微共计5个灾害级别。结果表明,1990-2013年青岛近海共计发生赤潮33次,以轻微灾害和轻度灾害为主,其它级别尚未发生;其中,发生面积小于10 km2赤潮占总数的51.5%,60.6%的赤潮由基本无害的赤潮种类引起,发生范围以胶州湾和浮山湾近海为主;赤潮次数和面积基本呈现4~5年的波动周期,高发期集中在每年的6-8月;主要赤潮生物种类是红色中缢虫(Mesodinium rubrum)和夜光虫(Noctiluca scintillans);引发赤潮的生物种类逐渐增多,甲藻比例升高,罕见种类逐渐出现。赤潮种类的变化反映出青岛近海浮游植物的种类组成发生了改变,与期间青岛近岸海洋环境的变化密切相关。     

Methods of assessing extinction risk in marine fishes

The decline and disappearance of species from large parts of their former geographical range has become an important issue in fisheries ecology. There is a need to identify which species are at risk of extinction. The available approaches have been subject to considerable debate – particularly when applied to commercially exploited species. Here we have compiled methods that have been used or may be used for assessing threat status of marine organisms. We organize the methods according to the availability of data on the natural history, ecology and population biology of species. There are three general approaches to inferring or assessing extinction risk: (i) correlative approaches based on knowledge of life histories and ecology; (ii) time‐series approaches that examine changes in abundance; and (iii) demographic approaches based on age‐ or stage‐based schedules of vital rates and fisheries reference points. Many methods are well suited to species that are highly catchable and/or have relatively low productivity, but theory is less well developed for assessing extinction risk in species exhibiting narrow geographical distributions or ecological specialization. There is considerable variation in both definitions of extinction risk and the precision and defensibility of the available risk assessment methods, so we suggest a two‐tiered approach for defining and assessing extinction risk. First, simple methods requiring a few easily estimated parameters are used to triage or rapidly assess large numbers of populations and species to identify potentially vulnerable populations or species. Second, the populations and species identified as vulnerable by this process can then be subject to more detailed and rigorous population analysis explicitly considering sources of error and uncertainty.     

Characterization of the DNA nucleotide sequences in the genome of red sea bream iridoviruses isolated in Korea

The nucleotide sequences of DNA fragments amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from four different genomic regions of nine red sea bream iridoviruses (RSIVs) isolated from different species of fish, different areas and in different years in Korea were compared with the reported reference sequences. One isolate, RSIV Namhae, showed 100% homology to the reference sequences, while the other eight isolates, which appeared to contain identical nucleotide sequences, showed 96.6–98.9% homology with reference sequences depending upon the target regions of PCR gene amplification. However, differences in nucleotide sequences were not apparent between the RSIVs isolated in different locations, in different years or in different host species. We also cloned and sequenced the 3′ end flanking region (K1) of the DNA polymerase (DPOL) gene using the cassette ligation-mediated PCR method. This sequence was 4436-bp long and possessed two open reading frames (ORF-1 and ORF-2) oriented in opposite directions. The putative proteins encoded by these two ORFs could not be characterized by comparison with the proteins of other species in the data banks. The presence of the ribonucleotide reductase small subunit (RNRS) gene at the 3′ end of the K1 region allowed us to determine that these two genes, RNRS and DPOL, are separated 5508 bp and oriented in the same direction in the genome of RSIV. Moreover, it is of interest that a PstI-restriction fragment, of which the sequence but not the location within the RSIV genome had previously been reported, is located at nucleotide positions from 1096 to 2054, extending from within the ORF-1 region, spanning the intervening sequence between ORF-1 and ORF-2, and extending into the ORF-2 region. Various repeating sequences up to 86 bp were present at the 3′ ends of ORFs, especially within the nucleotide sequences at the 3′ terminus of ORF-2. No similarities were detected when the DNA sequences of the K1 region were compared to the DNA sequences of a repetitive element in the genome of other iridoviruses.     

红土坡地崩岗侵蚀过程与机理

崩岗是广泛发育于华南红色风化壳坡地上的各种崩陷地形，其危害性很大。按其形态特征可分为：条形崩网，叉（分支）形崩岗、瓢形崩岗、箕形崩岗和劣地崩岗等几种类型，其形态演变过程经历了前期的水蚀为主阶段，以及后期的重力侵蚀为主阶段，崩网的发生与下述几种情况有关：红土的机械组成特征，以及与水作用发生的变化；风化壳内的各种软弱结构面的存在；大暴雨触发作用以及各种地形要素的影响等。     

真鲷虹彩病毒自然感染杂交石斑鱼“褐龙斑”的组织病理分析

褐龙斑是雌性褐石斑鱼(Epinephelus bruneus)和雄性鞍带石斑鱼(E. lanceolatus)杂交产生的子代。作为杂交石斑鱼的新品种,国内外尚没有褐龙斑疾病的报道。2017年7月,某养殖场褐龙斑出现急性死亡,10 d内累积死亡率高达80%。现场调查发现,病鱼外观无明显异常,但反应迟钝,伏底死亡。临床检查和剖检可见脾和肾严重肿大、易碎。组织病理切片观察发现,各组织中存在数量不等的嗜碱性、细胞质均一、直径为10~15 µm的肿大细胞。超薄组织切片中发现,肿大细胞胞质内存在大量直径为130~150 nm的虹彩病毒样颗粒。使用特异性的PCR引物,从病鱼脾、头肾等组织中均检测到真鲷虹彩病毒(Red seabream iridovirus, RSIV)的高强度感染。测定了该病毒主要衣壳蛋白(Major capsid protein, MCP)基因1362 bp的全长编码区,构建了19种(株)虹彩病毒系统发育树,结果显示,该病毒属于虹彩病毒科肿大细胞病毒属RSIV类群。本研究首次描述了褐龙斑虹彩病毒病的组织病理特征,揭示了褐龙斑是RSIV新的敏感宿主,为杂交石斑鱼病毒病的诊断与防治提供了重要的参考依据。     

鱼粉质量对中国对虾、真鲷、饲料转化率和蛋白质消化率的影响

IntroductionInherent to the practice of intensive aquaculture is the generation of wastes having immediate and verybroad effects on the aquatic environment.There is a growing consensus about the need to reduce waste pro-duction in aquaculture to minimize the negative impacts on the environment.Nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) wastes are major concerns for many aquaculture operations.In the past,formulation of diets in intensive aquaculture was often aimed at meeting requirements formaximum growt…     

小熊猫源大肠杆菌的药敏特性及致病性

为探明死亡圈养小熊猫(Ailurus fulgens)体内分离大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli,MT820501)的耐药情况及致病性,对分离菌株进行药敏特性分析,同时以小鼠感染实验检测其致病性。结果显示:该分离菌株对哌拉西林、头孢西丁、头孢曲松、头孢吡肟、美罗培南、哌拉西林-他唑巴坦、氨苄青霉素-舒巴坦、卡那霉素、丁胺卡那、新霉素、米诺环素、左氧氟沙星、呋喃唑酮、多黏菌素B敏感,对大部分β-内酰胺类药物及少部分氨基糖苷类药物耐药;小鼠感染实验结果显示,分离菌株半数致死量为8.42×10⁷cfu/m L,死亡小鼠体内分离出与小熊猫体内一致的菌株,病理表现为各实质脏器出现不同程度水肿、充血及炎性细胞浸润,与死亡小熊猫病理损伤特点高度相似,但不完全相同,这可能与感染方式、种属差异、耐受性等相关。     

Determination of isoflavones in red clover by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection

Capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection (CE-ED) was employed to analyze isoflavones in red clover (Trifolium pratense). The effects of potential of working electrode, pH and concentration of running buffer, separation voltage and injection time on CE-ED were investigated. Operated in a wall-jet configuration, a 300 microm diameter carbon-disk electrode was used as the working electrode, which exhibits a good response at +0.85 V (versus saturated calomel electrode) for the analytes. The analytes could be separated in a 50 mmol/l borate buffer (pH 9.5) within 25 min. The response was linear over three orders of magnitude with detection limit (S/N=3) ranging from 2x10(-5) mg/ml to 5x10(-5) mg/ml for the analytes. This method has been used for the determination of daidzein, genistein and biochanin A in red clover with satisfactory results.     

赣北第四纪红壤区侵蚀性降雨强度与雨量标准的确定

降雨是土壤侵蚀的主要动力因子,侵蚀性降雨标准的获取是计算降雨侵蚀力的重要环节;目前,红壤区侵蚀性降雨标准不一致,需要进一步研究。利用2001—2009年的1359场降雨数据,对赣北第四纪红壤区不同下垫面的侵蚀性降雨标准进行研究,得出结论如下:1)不同下垫面满足拟定侵蚀性降雨标准的数据序列长度存在明显差异,满足拟定侵蚀性降雨标准的数据序列长度可以反映水土保持措施从实施到发挥稳定效益所需的年限;2)具有水土保持措施的下垫面能够有效提高侵蚀性雨量标准,柑橘+前埂后沟梯壁植草水平梯田的第5小区侵蚀性雨量标准为16.2mm,比地表裸露小区的11.4mm提高42.1%;3)对于没有水土保持措施或稳定性高的水土保持措施下垫面,宜采用时段侵蚀性雨强标准;对于稳定性低的水土保持措施下垫面,宜采用侵蚀性雨量标准。该研究为区域水土保持规划提供参考。     

我国肉羊生产技术效率及科技进步贡献分析

近年来,我国羊肉市场供不应求,价格快速上涨,直接影响着广大边疆少数民族地区居民的基本生活,从而也影响着这些地区的社会稳定。保持我国肉羊产业持续发展,必须主要依靠技术进步和技术效率提高,因此,从肉羊产业投入产出分析入手,用随机型参数方法测算了1990-2012年七个肉羊主产省区的技术效率,并进一步测算了科技进步率和科技进步贡献份额。研究结果表明：技术效率逐年增长,2012年平均值为0.83;技术效率有地域性差异但逐年缩小;科技进步贡献份额45.9%,我国肉羊产业发展方式介于“粗放型”和“集约型”。针对研究结论,提出了重点加强品种改良和生产技术推广服务等工作以及提高饲草料转化率的政策建议。