Comparing chamber and eddy covariance based net ecosystem CO2 exchange of fen soils

Due to their high emission potential, the reporting of CO₂ emissions from peatlands requires exact emission factors for different land use categories. Recently used emission factors are mainly based on CO₂ flux measurements by chamber techniques or the micrometeorological eddy covariance (EC) method. However, evidence about the reliability and comparability of annual CO₂ balances based on these methods is scarce. Therefore, manual chamber measurements of ecosystem respiration (R_ECO) and net ecosystem exchange (NEE) were conducted for two years (March 2012–April 2014) to model annual balances of two sites on fen soils with different land use intensity in northern Germany: an unutilized and rewetted grassland (UG) and an intensively utilized wet grassland (GW). Simultaneously, EC measurements of NEE were conducted on the sites. Two reasons for occasionally great deviations in NEE between the methods could be observed: (1) the accordance of both methods was most hampered during transition periods such as the beginning of the growing season and the onset of regrowth after a grassland defoliation due to different spatial scales of EC and chamber measurements and (2) R_ECO and gross primary production (GPP) partitioned from EC NEE measurements were systematically lower than those from the chamber‐based model, which could be a result of the EC energy balance gap. Differences were more pronounced for the managed site GW as a result of more frequent regrowth periods. It is concluded that the EC and chamber method can show comparable results for the CO₂ exchange of grasslands on fen soils when the limitations of both methods are known and considered for the reporting of emission factors. These limitations are due to energy balance closure and potentially biased footprints for EC and a restricted representativeness especially during early stages of plant development for the chamber method.     

Changes in NMR Relaxation of Rice Grains,Kernel Quality and Physicochemical Properties in Response to a High Temperature after Flowering in Heat-Tolerant and Heat-Sensitive Rice Cultivars

Abstract

Rice productivity is related to the ability of plants to adapt to heat stress. The heat-tolerant cultivars ‘Nikomaru’ and ‘Chikushi 64’ and heat-sensitive cultivar ‘Hinohikari’ were grown at 30ºC and 25ºC for 49 days after flowering. At 30ºC, only a few white immature kernels were produced in ‘Nikomaru’ and ‘Chikushi 64’, but about 22% of grains had immature kernels in ‘Hinohikari’. The high temperature(30ºC) caused no significant changes in grain dry weight, water content, and the NMR T₁ value during the early ripening stage in ‘Nikomaru’ and ‘Chikushi 64’. It also did not affect grain development, especially with respect to the nucellar epidermis, in ‘Nikomaru’ and ‘Chikushi 64’, but caused clear cessation of development of the nucellar epidermis at 14 days after flowering in ‘Hinohikari’. In addition, high temperature decreased the amylose content and increased hardnessvs. adhesion ratio of cooked rice in both ‘Nikomaru’ and ‘Chikushi 64’ resulting a softer, less sticky texture, but not in ‘Hinohikari’. The maximum viscosity and breakdown values were increased, and final viscosity decreased at 30ºC in all three cultivars. These results suggested that starch in the endosperm of grains changed from a fluid state to a doughy state more slowly in ‘Nikomaru’ and ‘Chikushi 64’ than in ‘Hinohikari’, in which the water content and NMR relaxation time decreased, and transported assimilates accumulated slowly during grain development.     

Study on Expression of Bcl-2 and PCNA Genes in Testicular Tissue of Chickens,Quails and Chicken-quail Hybrids

In order to investigate the molecular mechanism of stunted growth testis of chicken (♂) and quail (♀) hybrids. 84 testicular tissue samples of New Roman cocks, male Korean quails and chicken-quail hybrids at different developmental stages were collected,the mRNA expression of Bcl-2 and PCNA genes in testicular tissue of cocks, quails and chicken-quail hybrids at different growth stages were detected using Real-time PCR. The results showed that the Bcl-2 and PCNA genes mRNA expression patterns in testes of chickens and quails at different growth stages were similar.The Bcl-2 gene was fluctuated in a whole, and decreased to the lowest value, then recovered rapidly and remained at a high level. The PCNA gene had a very significant peak value.Compared with the chicken and quail,the expression of Bcl-2 and PCNA genes mRNA in hybrids had no obvious change, which indicated that the pattern of the Bcl-2 gene regulation apoptosis in testis was different from chicken and quail at the hybrid testicular development process, and there was no obvious cell appreciation process.It was suggested that the molecular influencing factors of testicular dysplasia of chicken and quail hybrids were related to the abnormal expression of Bcl-2 and PCNA genes mRNA in testes.The results provided an important reference for the further study of the mechanism of testicular dysplasia between chicken and quail interspecific hybrids.     

均匀设计优化香草兰中香兰素的超临界萃取工艺

研究超临界Co2萃取香草兰豆荚中香兰素等香料成分的工艺,以香兰索产量为检测指标,使用均匀设计-偏最小二乘法回归分析,优化萃取工艺的压力、温度、时间和夹带剂乙醇的体积4个因子,确定最佳提取工艺条件为:压力41.10 MPa,温度50℃,时间180 min,夹带剂体积5.0 mL,此时,20g香草兰原料萃取香兰素的理论产量为177.211 mg.对该技术应用于香草兰中香兰素提取产业化的前景和可行性进行分析探讨.     

茭白新品种"金茭2号"的选育及其栽培技术

介绍了金茭2号的选育背景、选育过程、产量表现及其特征特性和主要栽培技术。     

棉花药害的原因分析及对策

调查分析了棉花药害的症状和产生原因 ,提出了药害预防及补救措施 ,对保证棉花安全生产具有重要指导意义。     

纳米级涂层对竹材光泽度的影响

采用TiO2、ZnO、SiO2、AW 4种纳米颗粒和蒸馏水、AR、三聚氰胺树脂、酚醛树脂4种成膜物质组合成16种配方的涂层,对竹材耐光老化涂层的光泽度变化进行试验,结果表明,无机纳米材料为SiO2,成膜物质为三聚氰胺树脂的试样在光老化时光泽度的变化率最小。     

内蒙古草原N2O和CH4排放通量及其季节变化特征研究

１９９８年５－１２月，作者在内蒙古半干旱原用静态箱法进行原位Ｎ２Ｏ和ＣＨ４排放通量观测，分析了Ｎ２Ｏ、ＣＨ４排放量及其季节变化和相关过程，定时估计草原Ｎ２Ｏ和ＣＨ４收支在人类活动下的变化。重点讨论了内蒙古古草原型群落羊草，大针茅和退化草原Ｎ２Ｏ和ＣＨ４的排放通量及其季节变化特征。     

CD2配体在IBD和ND疫苗免疫应答中的佐剂效应研究

分别以猪源ＣＤ２配体协同新城疫（ＮＤ）Ⅳ疫苗免疫１８日龄鸡和绵羊源ＣＤ２配体协同法氏囊（ＩＢＤ）中等毒力疫苗免疫２５日龄鸡，采用β－微量法和琼脂扩散法测ＮＤ抗体及ＩＢＤ抗体水平。结果表明，两种ＣＤ２配体均能促进鸡体内特异性抗体的提前产生，并且试验组鸡抗体效价显著高于对照。     

基于NS2的通用P2P网络模拟器的设计

模拟在Peer-to-Peer(P2P)系统的性能评估发挥着重要作用.现有的P2P模拟器大多是基于特定的协议开发,并且大部分不能对底层网络的基本特性和Peer节点行为的动态变化进行模拟.上述缺陷导致使用现有模拟器无法对新的P2P协议进行测试、也无法测试P2P协议对底层网络资源的使用情况.提出一种基于NS2的通用P2P模拟器的设计方案,该方案设计P2P模拟中的一些通用的结构和功能,可以支持新的P2P文件共享协议的模拟扩展,同时能够完成底层网络资源占用和P2P服务质量方面的参数获取和模拟测试.