小豆矮秆窄叶突变基因对农艺性状的影响

【目的】研究小豆矮秆窄叶突变体(nld)的遗传行为及观察矮秆窄叶突变基因控制的农艺性状的变化。【方法】选用高秆小豆种质资源GM904与nld进行杂交,对亲本和F2、F3、F4各世代分离群体中个体形态进行调查统计,对株高、茎粗、主茎节数、第1至5节间长、前10节间长、单株粒数、百粒重、单株产量、荚长、荚宽、单株荚数等15个农艺性状进行调查分析。【结果】遗传分析结果表明,突变体中矮秆窄叶性状由一对隐性单基因控制。各性状间存在一定的显著或极显著差异,其中株高、茎粗、主茎节数、前10节间长、荚长、单株荚数的广义遗传力达到0.9以上,可作为小豆杂交育种的选择指标。【结论】矮秆窄叶突变基因导致株高变矮,叶变窄,茎变细,主茎节数减少,各节间长缩短,荚变小,产量显著降低。     

基于CO I基因序列的11种蛀茎害虫的分子鉴定

本研究克隆了二化螟(Chilo suppressalis)、台湾稻螟(Cauricilius)、芦苞螟(C.luteellus)、甘蔗条螟(C.sac-chariphagus)、三化螟(Tryporyza incertulas)、亚洲玉米螟(Ostrinia furnacalis)、甘蔗红尾白螟(Scirpophaga ex-cerptalis)、黄纹髓草螟(Calamotrophapaludella)、桃蛀螟(Conogethes puncti eralis)、棘禾草螟(Chilo hyrax)和稻蛀茎夜蛾(Sesamia in.erens)11种常见蛀茎害虫102个个体的线粒体DNA细胞色素氧化酶亚基Ⅰ(COⅠ)基因片段.序列分析显示:该COⅠ基因片段长为709 bp,序列都未发生缺失或插入现象,碱基颠换率(55.42％)高于转换率(44.58％);种间遗传距离平均值为0.140(0.088～0.179),种内遗传距离平均值为0.004(0～0.015),两者之间没有重叠区域;聚类分析表明,不同种蛀茎害虫分别形成独立的进化分支,分支自展值均为100％.研究结果表明该COⅠ基因序列具有适宜的变异信息,种内相对保守,种间变异显著,适用于蛀茎害虫的物种识别,并为开发蛀茎害虫DNA条形码技术奠定了基础.     

粳稻超亲变异系籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶基因表达特性及序列变异分析

选用籽粒蛋白质含量有显著差异的亲本和杂种后代超亲变异系,比较分析灌浆过程中籽粒蛋白质积累特性、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性变化、GS基因mRNA表达量变化和基因碱基序列。结果表明,杂交后代通过籽粒蛋白质含量的连续定向选可获得超亲变异系,籽粒蛋白质积累量与基因型紧密相关;灌浆过程中籽粒GS活性呈单峰曲线变化,籽粒蛋白质含量与籽粒GS活性密切相关,而且籽粒GS活性也能产生超亲变异;在灌浆过程中籽粒蛋白质含量不同的亲本及超亲变异系籽粒GS1.3和GS2基因的mRNA表达量变化趋势基本一致,即随灌浆进程mRNA表达量逐渐增加,到抽穗后15~20d表达量最高,随后逐渐下降,呈单峰曲线变化;GS1.3和GS2基因mRNA表达量与籽粒蛋白质含量关系密切,GS基因mRNA表达量高的基因型籽粒蛋白质含量也高,而且超亲表达;尽管不同品种GS1.3和GS2基因碱基序列保守性很高,但不同品种水稻GS1.3和GS2基因的碱基序列和蛋白质氨基酸序列并不完全一致,存在着个别碱基不同的基因多态性,品种间有性杂交后代在基因分离和稳定过程中通过碱基的替换仍然能发生碱基的随机性变化及三联体密码和氨基酸的变化。     

水稻半外卷叶突变体sol1的表型分析与基因定位

适度卷曲有利于提高水稻叶片的光合效率,增加植株光合产物的有效积累量。我们利用甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)处理籼型水稻保持系西农1B,获得一个稳定遗传的水稻半外卷叶突变体。该突变体从十叶期开始各叶片逐渐向外卷曲直至半卷状,并伴随茎秆半矮化和叶片披垂,暂被命名为semi-outcurved leaf 1 (sol1)。与野生型(WT)相比, sol1的叶片卷曲指数均达到30%以上(P<0.01);倒一、倒二、倒三、倒四节节间长度和穗长极显著缩短,倒一、倒二、倒三叶的叶夹角显著或极显著增加;有效穗数、千粒重、每穗实粒数、结实率显著或极显著下降,一次枝梗数则增加11.3%(P<0.05)。sol1的蒸腾速率、胞间CO2浓度、气孔导度显著高于野生型。石蜡切片显示, sol1倒一叶的泡状细胞体积变小,数量显著增多,表皮细胞体积略微增大。遗传分析表明, sol1的半外卷叶性状受1对隐性核基因调控,定位于6号染色体标记JY6-3和JY6-10之间165kb的物理范围内,共含15个注释基因。qRT-PCR结果表明,与泡状细胞相关的内卷基因和外卷叶基因RL14、Roc5、REL1在突变体sol1中呈...     

生姜辛香物质合成途径关键基因ZoHMGR的克隆及表达

为探明3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A还原酶(HMGR)在生姜(Zingiber officinale Roscoe)倍半萜合成途径的调节作用,根据在竹根姜转录组数据库中HMGR不同转录本序列,经比对分析后利用RT-PCR技术克隆HMGR基因的全长cDNA序列,并对其进行生物信息学分析;再利用荧光定量PCR技术检测目的基因在竹根姜不同组织和叶组织在不同诱导条件下的表达特性,同时分析其生成的倍半萜物质。结果表明:克隆的竹根姜ZoHMGR基因编码562个氨基酸,其与姜科植物阳春砂的亲缘关系最近。ZoHMGR基因主要在根茎中表达,其次是叶,而茎和根中的表达量最低,符合生姜不同组织中倍半萜物质的含量特征;该基因同时受物理伤害和茉莉酸甲酯处理的诱导,分别在6h和12h达最高表达水平,同时有倍半萜类物质生成。     

Cloning and Tissue Expression Analysis of PDK4 and FGF10 Genes in Guizhou Congjiang Xiang Pig

The objective of this study was to clone PDK4 and FGF10 genes, and investigate the expression level of PDK4 and FGF10 genes mRNA in different tissues of Large White pig and Congjiang Xiang pig. The PDK4 and FGF10 genes were cloned by RT-PCR and analyzed by bioinformatics, the relative expression of PDK4 and FGF10 genes were detected by Real-time PCR. The results showed that the coding region of PDK4 gene was 1 224 bp, encoding 407 amino acids; The coding region of FGF10 gene was 636 bp and encoded 211 amino acids. The homologies of nucleotide sequences of PDK4 gene with sheep, horse and human were 93%, 92% and 91%,respectively. The homologies of nucleotide sequences of FGF10 gene with sheep, cattle, human and mouse were 94%,93%, 93% and 90%, respectively. The phylogenetic tree of PDK4 gene showed that the genetic relationship of Congjiang Xiang pig, cattle and sheep were very close, the phylogenetic tree of FGF10 gene indicated that the genetic relationship of Congjiang Xiang pig, cattle, sheep, human and macaque were very close, but the genetic relationship of Congjiang Xiang pig, rat and chicken were far away. Real-time PCR results showed that, in different tissues of Congjiang Xiang pig,PDK4 gene expression in kidney tissue was higher than other tissues, with a higher expression in stomach and adipose as well,FGF10 gene expression in stomach tissue was higher than other tissues, with a higher expression in kidney and adipose as well, but both of PDK4 and FGF10 genes expression were the lowest in longissimus dorsi. In different tissues of Large White pig, both of PDK4 and FGF10 genes were expressed the highest in adipose than other tissues, PDK4 gene expression in longissimus dorsi was the lowest, while the FGF10 gene expression the lowest in heart. This study successfully cloned the PDK4 and FGF10 genes of Large White pig and Congjiang Xiang pig,and detected the relative expression of PDK4 and FGF10 genes in different tissues of Large White pig and Congjiang Xiang pig, and also provided scientific basis for further study on regulation of PDK4 and FGF10 genes on lipid metabolism and deposition.     

水稻抗性基因Pi对福建省稻瘟病菌优势菌群的抗性分析

【目的】抗病品种的合理利用和布局是实现水稻抗瘟持久化的关键因子之一。为明确水稻24个抗性基因在福建省的抗病性及其应用前景,【方法】首先分别采用全国稻瘟病菌生理小种鉴别品种和CO39近等基因系来鉴定2012-2015年间从福建省各稻区种植的普感品种丽江新团黑谷上采集的347株稻瘟病菌单孢菌株的生理小种类型和致病型,再测定24个抗性基因对福建省稻瘟病菌的抗性。【结果】根据全国稻瘟病菌生理小种鉴别品种对菌株的抗感反应,可将供试稻瘟病菌的生理小种划分为6个群36个生理小种,其中ZA、ZB和ZC为主要种群,ZC15、ZD7和ZB15为优势生理小种。根据CO39近等基因系的接种结果,将供试稻瘟病菌划分为17个致病类型,其中I34.1为优势致病型。供试的24个抗性基因对347株福建省稻瘟病菌菌株的抗性频率不同,抗谱为9.80%~89.91%。其中,Pi-k~m、Pi-7(t)、Pi-9(t)、Pi-k~p、Pi-k、Pi-k~h、Pi-z~5和Pi-ta(1)等8个抗性基因的抗病性较强,抗谱均高于70.00%。【结论】说明这8个抗性基因在福建省具有较好的应用前景,育种时可以考虑联合利用这些抗性基因。同时,实验结果表明,这8个抗性基因对主要生理小种的抗谱和主要致病型的抗谱均值高于69.00%,与其对所有测试菌株的抗谱吻合。说明利用稻瘟病菌的优势种群或优势致病型来鉴定水稻品种的抗病性是可靠的。     

Risk Assessment and Biosafety Studies of Transgenic Bt Rice （Oryza sativa L.）

Transgenic crops having alien genes from different sources are getting popularity. A Rice （Oryza sativa L.） containing gene from Bacillus thuringiensis, a soil bacterium, was assessed to study the potential risks of transgenic plants on environment. The crop was found resistant to target insect pests. Rice variety Basmati-370 transformed with two insecticidal genes, crylAc and cry2A, was grown under field conditions for several years. Data were collected at different stages of the plant growth. Fate of Cry protein in soil, effect of Bt protein on non-target insects, risks of vertical and horizontal gene flow were evaluated. No potential hazard was found at all levels. Bt protein was unstable and degraded significantly in soil within 30 days after harvesting the crop. No harmful effects were found on non-target insects （insects other than order lepidoptera）. Maximum gene flow of 0.02% was observed at close spacing and no evidence of horizontal gene transfer to Rhizobium spp. was found. In conclusion, the transgenic rice plants transformed with Bt genes have no harmful effects on the environment.     

禽类Mx基因GTP酶效应区(GED)序列适应性进化分析

为进一步了解禽类Mx基因进化历程及结构与功能变异,测定了4种经济类型11个地方鸡品种:肉用型(惠阳胡须鸡、清远麻鸡、文昌鸡)、兼用型(藏鸡、狼山鸡、寿光鸡、北京油鸡、萧山鸡、鹿苑鸡)、蛋用型(白耳鸡)、药用和观赏型(丝羽乌骨鸡)Mx基因GTP酶效应区(GTPase effector domain,GED)序列,并结合已报道的原鸡及部分其他鸡形目和雁形目禽类相关序列,采用mrModeltest和MrBayes筛查最适核苷酸替代模型、构建贝叶斯进化树,并采用Datamonkey和PAML4b检测位点选择压力。结果:获得了中国地方鸡种Mx基因GED区核苷酸序列,全长231 bp,编码77个氨基酸。序列联配结果表明家鸡Mx基因GED区高度保守,仅发现3个突变位点,分别位于2 032 bp、2 075 bp和2 139 bp处。AIC信息量准则表明禽类Mx基因GED区的最优核苷酸替代模型为GTR+G。基于最优模型重建的禽类Mx基因GED区贝叶斯进化树具有较高的后验概率,揭示的系统发育关系和禽类物种进化基本一致。Datamonkey的单一断裂点扫描和遗传算法扫描均未发现禽类Mx基因GED区序列数据集有重组事件,位点选择压力检测结果表明禽类Mx基因GED区在进化过程中并未受到正选择作用。     

水稻新型育种技术研究现状与展望

水稻是我国主要粮食作物之一,提高水稻产量、改善品质一直是水稻育种研究的重要目标.育种技术的改进有利于育种效率的提高,随着科学技术的迅猛发展,水稻育种技术也在逐步完善.对分子标记育种、转基因育种、基因编辑育种和分子设计育种等目前水稻育种中广泛使用的育种技术进行了总结,并进一步展望了不同育种方法的发展前景,以期为水稻种业发...