Management strategy,uptake and translocation of nitrogen in tidal flooded rice ecosystem

Abstract

Enhancing rice yield is a great challenge for rice growers in the tidal flooded ecosystem, where poor agronomic management is one of the major constrains. Improve management practice (IMP) was compared with traditional farmers’ practice (TFP) in evaluating rice productivity, nutrient uptake, translocation and farm income in tidal flooded ecosystem. Results revealed that, IMP significantly produced higher number of panicles m^?2, more grain panicle^?1 and better grain filling. The rice cultivars produced 2.0 to 2.5 t grain ha^?1 with TFP, while 3.0 to 4.0 t ha^?1 with IMP. In different rice cultivars, the grain yield in IMP increased 12 to 60% over TFP. Similarly, the grains in IMP treatment absorbed 21.41 to 57.03?kg N ha^?1 whereas only 15.85 to 46.94?kg N ha^?1 in TFP plot. However, higher nitrogen (N) transfer from shoot to grain in IMP also suggests that the amount of N in soil was too low to meet the plant demand in TFP. Although, the IMP involved additional cost, but it gave significantly higher gross return (438 to 954?US$ha^?1) and margin (397 to 913?US$ha^?1) which added farm income upto 225?US$ha^?1 over TFP. Hence, it could be concluded that IMP is a potential option for increasing grain yield and farm income during aman season in the tidal flooded ecosystem.     

氮肥对玉米子粒淀粉粒形态及分布的影响

以郑单958为材料,分析不施氮(N0)、施纯氮103.5 kg/hm2(N1)、207 kg/hm2(N2)、310.5 kg/hm2(N3)对玉米子粒淀粉粒形态及分布特征的影响.结果表明,不同处理玉米子粒淀粉粒直径分布均为三峰曲线.＞2 μm淀粉粒的直径百分比最大(96％～ 97％),淀粉粒直径均值为N2＞N3＞N0＞N1处理.各处理淀粉粒直径下限均值为0.375 μm;淀粉粒直径上限均值为N2＞N0＞N3＞N1处理.由透射电镜扫描图得知,第一层细胞质体大小及淀粉粒数量说明其细胞发育进程N0＜N1＜N2＜N3;第二层细胞各处理均出现含淀粉粒质体,已不见蛋白体等质体,淀粉粒发育进程N0＞N1＞N2＞N3;第三层细胞均为长条形,各处理含皱褶淀粉粒均已出现,淀粉粒发育进程N1＞N0＞N2＞N3;深层细胞淀粉粒均有褶皱,说明其发育早于第三层细胞.淀粉粒发育由内而外,氮肥可以调节胚乳淀粉粒分布及淀粉粒发育速度.     

芩黄颗粒提取工艺研究

为了优选芩黄颗粒的最佳提取工艺,处方中麻黄水提工艺以浸膏收率和麻黄碱含量为指标,黄芩、甘草、山豆根、桔梗和板蓝根群药水煎煮工艺以浸膏收率、黄芩苷及甘草酸含量为指标,采用正交试验法对芩黄颗粒进行提取条件的筛选.结果麻黄最佳提取工艺为加8倍量水真空动态(≤70℃)提取6h;黄芩、甘草、山豆根、桔梗和板蓝根群药最佳提取工艺为加10倍量水真空动态(≤70℃)提取4h.优选出的最佳提取工艺合理、稳定,适合工业化大生产.     

三种不同药剂对小叶女贞生长调节效果试验初报

通过试验,研究了三种药剂对小叶女贞生长的影响,结果表明：75％抑芽丹．多效唑水分散粒剂对小叶女贞的生长有良好的调控作用,在一定程度上代替人工修剪,可节省大量人力、物力。使用剂量以200—400倍液（有效成分量1875mg／Kg-3750mg／Kg）,每公顷喷施药液600L为宜。     

静宁颗粒治疗56例小儿多动症气阴两虚证临床观察

目的 探讨静宁颗粒经验方治疗小儿多动症气阴两虚证患儿的临床疗效及不良反应。方法 采用中医、西医相应诊断标准纳入于2013年9月到2015年10月期间就诊于北京中医药大学东直门医院儿科门诊、北京市和平里医院儿科门诊的注意力缺陷多动障碍患儿60例,服用静宁颗粒12周,采用前后自身对照,观察有效率、中医证候评分、多动指数、划销试验、注意力缺陷多动障碍量表（SNAP-IV）以及相关安全指标和记录不良反应。结果 60例患儿中,脱落4例,总共完成56例临床观察。痊愈2例,显效12例,有效36例,无效6例,总有效率85.71%。治疗前后中医证候总积分、中医主要证候总积分、划销测验中计分、漏划数具有显著统计学差异（P<0.01）;多动指数、注意缺陷多动障碍量表积分改善具有统计学差异（P<0.05）;划销测验中错划数不具统计学差异（P>0.01）。结论 静宁颗粒治疗小儿多动症气阴两虚型具有较好临床疗效和安全性。     

梨小食心虫性信息素微囊化及释放特性

以乙基纤维素为囊壳,采用相分离法制备了梨小食心虫性信息素微囊粒剂;同时研究了乳化剂、控释剂、搅拌速度、有机相中溶剂加入量及水相中聚乙烯醇浓度、有机相滴加速度等因素对该微囊粒剂的平均粒径及包覆率的影响,并进行了室内释放分析。结果表明,使用乳化剂700＃较为理想;以油酸甲酯、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯或正十二烷为控释剂,均能制得包覆率较高的微囊粒剂;搅拌速度、有机相中溶剂加入量及水相中聚乙烯醇浓度、有机相滴加速度对微囊粒剂的平均粒径及包覆率的影响较明显。控制释放研究结果表明,在室内较稳定的条件下,能持续释放110 d以上。     

不同直径的绵羊卵泡中卵母细胞核相及皮质颗粒分布特征分析

为了探讨绵羊体内卵母细胞的核相及皮质颗粒的分布特征,本研究根据绵羊卵泡直径将绵羊有腔卵泡分为早期有腔卵泡(1mm≤直径≤2.5mm)与中期有腔卵泡(2.5mm<直径≤7.5mm)两组,用地衣红染色方法观察两组绵羊卵泡中卵母细胞的核相特征及所占比例,用FITC-PNA、Hoechst 33342双染方法观察两组绵羊卵泡中的不同核相时期的卵母细胞的皮质颗粒分布特征。结果表明,绵羊早期有腔卵泡中的卵母细胞大部分处于GV1期,其核膜边缘不整齐,染色体呈细丝状,紧贴于核膜下均匀分布或集中于核膜下某处分布,皮质颗粒在胞质中密集、均匀的分布。绵羊中期有腔卵泡中的卵母细胞,大部分处于GV3~GV4期,其核膜边缘清晰、着色较轻,染色体短而粗,在核质中均匀分布,核质明显脱颗粒化,皮质颗粒开始向细胞膜迁移,部分卵母细胞的皮质颗粒在细胞膜下形成一圈密集的带状区域。由此可见,绵羊早期与中期有腔卵泡中的卵母细胞大部分处于GV期的不同阶段,其胞质中皮质颗粒开始发生迁移的时间早于生发泡破裂(GVBD)期。     

Starch granules size distribution in superior and inferior grains of wheat is related to enzyme activities and their gene expressions during grain filling

Mature wheat endosperm contains A-, B-, C-type starch granules, and each class has unique physiochemical properties which determine the quality of starch. The dynamics of the starch granule size distribution, activities of starch synthases and expression of starch synthase encoding genes were studied in superior and inferior grains during grain filling. Compared with inferior grains, superior grains showed higher grain weight, contents of starch, amylose and amylopectin. The formation of A-, B-, C-type starch granules initiated at 4, 8, 20 DAF, respectively, and was well consistent with the temporally change patterns of starch synthase activities and relative gene expression levels. For instance, activities of soluble and granule-bound starch synthases (designated SSS and GBSS) peaked at 20 and 24 DAF. Genes encoding isoforms of starch synthases expressed at different grain filling periods. In addition, SS I was generally expressed over the grain filling stage; the SS II and SS III were expressed over the early and mid grain filling stage, and the GBSS I was expressed during the mid to late grain filling stage. In addition, the time-course changes in activities of starch synthases and expression of starch synthase encoding genes explained well the dynamics of the starch granule size distribution.     

块茎大小与马铃薯淀粉粒度分布的关系

淀粉粒度是衡量马铃薯淀粉品质的一个重要指标。测定了5个马铃薯品种不同大小块茎淀粉的平均粒径及离散度,得出以下结论:克新13号、克新19号、克新21号块茎质量大于250 g时其淀粉的平均粒径最大,克新18号、克新20号块茎质量在150~250 g之间其淀粉的平均粒径最大;5个品种均是块茎质量小于75 g时的淀粉平均粒径最小。5个品种之间比较表明,克新20号淀粉的平均粒径最小,克新13号在块茎质量大于75 g时其淀粉的平均粒径最大。克新13号、克新18号、克新19号、克新21号在块茎质量大于250 g时淀粉的粒度分布最均匀,克新20号块茎质量在150~250 g之间时淀粉的粒度分布最均匀。     

烘烤过程中非晶颗粒态烟草淀粉微生物降解特性

目的:研究烘烤过程中非晶颗粒态烟草淀粉微生物降解和淀粉颗粒结构的变化,为优化烘烤工艺提供理论依据。方法:采用河南农业大学设计的电热式温湿自控密集烤烟箱以及光学显微分析方法,以烟草淀粉为参照,对烘烤过程中非晶颗粒态烟草淀粉在微生物作用下的降解进行了观察和研究。结果:在烘烤过程高温高湿条件及微生物作用下,从淀粉颗粒的爆裂孔开始,沿着淀粉颗粒爆裂孔逐步深入,直至最后将淀粉颗粒完全降解,而原淀粉颗粒具有致密的结晶结构,淀粉颗粒表面没有明显的孔洞。结论:因此在相同的烘烤条件下,生物降解性导致淀粉含量要远远高于非晶颗粒态淀粉。