Changes in wind activity from 1957 to 2011 and their possible influence on aeolian desertification in northern China

Wind activity is proved to have significant impacts on aeolian desertification. Clarifying the fluctuations and change trend of wind velocity is important for understanding their influence on aeolian desertification. In this study, we used a dataset of wind velocities collected from 93 meteorological stations across northern China from 1957 to 2011 to analyze the changes in wind activity during this period. We tested the monotonic and step(abrupt) trends for annual and seasonal data of mean wind velocity by using Mann-Kendall and Mann-Whitney tests, respectively. The results indicated that the annual mean wind velocity decreased by 0.83 m/s from 1957 to 2011. The decreasing trends were also significant(P<0.01) for each season. The magnitude of the decrease was smallest in the east of northern China and largest in the west of northern China, and the most remarkable decrease occurred in the northwest of northern China. Abrupt decreases in annual and seasonal mean wind velocities occurred in the mid-1980 s, which was consistent with the changes in aeolian desertification since the mid-1980 s in northern China. As revealed by our study, although both modern aeolian desertification and ecosystem rehabilitation are affected by human activities to some extent, they are also likely to be strongly controlled by climate change, especially by wind activity.     

祁连山东段不同高寒灌丛草地土壤性状特征变化

为探讨祁连山东段不同高寒灌丛草地土壤性状的变化,在该区内选取了金露梅（Porentilla fruticosa）、柳（Salix）和杜鹃（Rhododendron）3类高寒灌丛草地,研究了不同高寒灌丛草地土壤物理和化学性状特征变化。结果表明：高寒灌丛草地土壤理化性状差异显著。土壤含水量表现为杜鹃灌丛草地>柳灌丛草地>金露梅灌丛草地;容重表现为金露梅灌丛草地>柳灌丛草地>杜鹃灌丛草地;总孔隙度表现为柳灌丛草地>杜鹃灌丛草地>金露梅灌丛草地;杜鹃灌丛草地土壤有机质含量最高为127.638 g·kg^-1,金露梅灌丛草地最低为89.954 g·kg^-1;土壤全P、全K和速效N,P,K含量均表现为杜鹃灌丛草地>柳灌丛草地>金露梅灌丛草地,土壤全N含量金露梅灌丛草地最大为2.912 g·kg^-1,杜鹃灌丛草地最小为2.586 g·kg^-1。相关性分析表明,3类高寒灌丛草地的土壤性状的各个因子之间有显著的相关关系。     

Spatial pattern of soil organic carbon in desert grasslands of the diluvial-alluvial plains of northern Qilian Mountains

The soil properties in arid ecosystems are important determinants of vegetation distribution patterns.Soil organic carbon(SOC)content,which is closely related to soil types and the holding capacities of soil water and nutrients,exhibits complex variability in arid desert grasslands;thus,it is essentially an impact factor for the distribution pattern of desert grasslands.In the present study,an investigation was conducted to estimate the spatial pattern of SOC content in desert grasslands and the association with environmental factors in the diluvial-alluvial plains of northern Qilian Mountains.The results showed that the mean values of SOC ranged from 2.76 to 5.80 g/kg in the soil profiles,and decreased with soil depths.The coefficients of variation(CV)of the SOC were high(ranging from 48.83%to 94.67%),which indicated a strong spatial variability.SOC in the desert grasslands of the study region presented a regular spatial distribution,which increased gradually from the northwest to the southeast.The SOC distribution had a pattern linked to elevation,which may be related to the gradient of climate conditions.Soil type and plant community significantly affected the SOC.The SOC had a significant positive relationship with soil moisture(P<0.05);whereas,it had a more significant negative relationship with the soil bulk density(BD)(P<0.01).However,a number of the variations in the SOC could be explained not by the environmental factors involved in this analysis,but rather other factors(such as grazing activity and landscape).The results provide important references for soil carbon storage estimation in this study region.In addition,the SOC association with environmental variables also provides a basis for a sustainable use of the limited grassland resources in the diluvial-alluvial plains of northern Qilian Mountains.     

1990-2011年南天山地区冰川面积变化对气候的响应

利用Landsat TM/ETM⁺影像资料,通过遥感图像计算机自动解译和目视解译方法得到南天山地区1990年、2000年、2011年三期冰川边界,并应用GIS技术系统研究了南天山地区冰川近21 a来的面积变化及其对气候的响应关系。结果表明:1990—2011年期间,南天山地区冰川面积变化了-13.2%。大规模冰川分解使得小规模冰川的总面积和条数均有所增加,朝西向的冰川退缩速率最大,为-15.9%。与1990—2000年时段对比发现,近10 a来,海拔大于3 800 m的冰川退缩速率加快。通过地面气象资料的分析发现,南天山地区的气温和降水均表现出增加趋势,海拔最高的巴音布鲁克站线性升温率为0.25℃/10 a,降水增幅为1.2 mm/a。与西风区其它现有研究对比,发现南天山地区冰川的强烈退缩可能主要受到气温升高的影响,降水的增加对其影响不大。此外,地形条件和冰川规模等都是影响冰川波动的重要因素。     

秦巴山区利用栎类资源生产食用菌/中药材的经济效益分析

采用典型调查方法,对秦巴山区汉中、安康、商洛3地区近800个利用栎类资源生产食用菌、天麻、猪苓的生产户进行了调查,总结分析了不同利用途径投料、生产、销售过程中的固定成本、成本、收益和资源利用效率。结果表明,1）段木生产食用菌（木耳）,生产户自产自用,并不依靠其为经济收入来源;袋料生产香菇经济效益较好,对栎类资源破坏小,已经基本取代了传统的段木生产;2）中药材（天麻、猪苓）生产投入产出比率最高,受到当地生产户青睐,是当前重要的利用途径,也是未来需要推广的利用方式;3）农户技术不完善、生产方式粗放、劳动力不足、投入资金相对缺乏、林地交通条件不便、投资风险保障不健全以及劳动力市场价格的持续上涨是影响该地区栎类资源高效利用不平衡的主要因素;4）未来要靠技术培训、规模化集约经营、统一市场收购、优化菌种培育和提高服务水平来发挥栎类资源高效利用潜力。     

秦岭豆科植物区系分析

在野外调查、标本鉴定以及文献资料查阅的基础上,运用植物区系地理学研究方法,对秦岭地区的豆科植物区系进行了分析。结果表明:1）秦岭地区共有豆科植物57属172种5亚种8变种,其中自然分布的种有44属144种5亚种6变种,生活型以草本和灌木为主,主要分布在海拔500～2 000 m的混交林带;2）该区的豆科植物区系成分复杂,具有较强的温带性质,含有温带属27属,占总属数的61.4%,温带分布种76种,占总种数的49.1%,中国特有种67种,占总种数的43.2%,中国特有种的分布类型体现了秦岭豆科植物区系与川滇地区的亲缘关系;3）秦岭豆科植物区系具有明显的过渡性,从秦岭南坡到北坡由亚热带性质向温带性质过渡,从秦岭西段到东段由中国—喜马拉雅植物成分向中国—日本植物成分过渡;4）通过与黄土高原、中国帕米尔高原、长白山、南岭及横断山区的豆科植物组成比较,发现秦岭豆科植物区系与黄土高原相似性最高,与帕米尔高原相似性最低。     

祁连山自然保护区康乐自然保护站野生动物调查与研究

为进一步查清祁连山自然保护区康乐自然保护站辖区内野生动物资源现状,全面、准确地掌握野生动物资源的动态变化,分析变化的原因,提出保护管理与合理利用对策,更好地贯彻执行《中华人民共和国野生动物保护法》及《中华人民共和国陆生野生动物保护实施条例》,进行了为期2a的针对康乐保护站辖区内国家Ⅰ、Ⅱ级和省级重点保护野生动物的全面调查,并针对辖区环境情况,分析研究影响动物活动的因素,提出整改措施。     

东祁连山不同退化程度高寒草甸土壤有机质含量及其与主要养分的关系

对东祁连山金强河河谷轻度、中度、重度退化高寒草甸土壤有机质含量变化及其与土壤全磷、全氮、速效磷、速效氮含量之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明：随着退化程度的加重,020 cm层土壤有机质、全氮和速效磷含量均不断下降,全磷含量呈现出先降后升但总体呈下降的趋势,但速效氮含量则不断上升,各养分的变化差异均达到极显著水平(P<0.01)。在划分的轻度退化草地土壤中,有机质含量分别与全磷、全氮、速效磷、速效氮含量之间均不存在显著的相关关系(P>0.05),另外所划分的中度退化和重度退化草地也同样如此。但是通过把3个不同程度退化草地结合起来作为整体进行综合分析,结果表明,除了全磷,土壤有机质含量分别与全氮、速效氮、速效磷含量三者之间存在极显著的相关关系(P<0.01)。在较大尺度上,有机质可以作为土壤营养状况的主要判断指标。在研究高寒草地土壤养分状况及其综合评价中,要特别注意其时空异质性,要重视尺度问题。     

湖南武陵山区茶史考略

概述了湖南武陵山区优越的生态条件,对历代产茶地域政区的变迁、有关的古代地名、产茶历史作了简略考订。     

Response of soricid populations to repeated fire and fuel reduction treatments in the southern Appalachian Mountains

Fuel hazards have increased in forests across the United States because of fire exclusion during the 20th century. Treatments used to reduce fuel buildup may affect wildlife, such as shrews, living on the forest floor, especially when treatments are applied repeatedly. From mid-May to mid-August 2006 and 2007, we used drift fences with pitfall traps to capture shrews in western North Carolina in 3 fuel reduction treatment areas [(1) twice-burned (2003 and 2006), (2) mechanical understory cut (2002), and (3) mechanical understory cut (2002) followed by 2 burns (2003 and 2006)] and a control. We captured 77% fewer southeastern shrews (Sorex longirostris) in mechanical + twice-burned treatment areas than in mechanical treatment areas in 2006, but southeastern shrew captures did not differ among treatment areas in 2007. Total shrew captures did not differ among treatment areas in either year. Decreases in leaf litter, duff depth, and canopy cover in mechanical + twice-burned treatment areas may have decreased ground-level moisture, thereby causing short-term declines in southeastern shrew captures. Prescribed fire or mechanical fuel reduction treatments in the southern Appalachian Mountains did not greatly affect shrew populations, though the combination of both treatments may negatively affect some shrew species, at least temporarily.