Colonization of wheat seedling (Triticum aestivum) roots by Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis

Summary Colonization patterns of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis on roots of wheat seedlings growing on water agar were studied qualitatively by replica printing and quantitatively by the plate count method. The results indicated a stronger colonization potential for P. fluorescens (up to 10⁷ cfu/cm root) than for B. subtilis (up to 10⁵ cfu/cm root). Although the numbers of both species were lower when inoculated together, the observed colonization patterns on the roots were comparable to those found with single inoculations. For none of these bacteria was active migration along the root surface in any direction observed, indicating that distal positions are reached mainly by a passive displacement on the root tip and elongating cells. Ecological implications of the observed phenomena are discussed.     

Fate, tree growth effect and potential impact on soil microbial communities of mycorrhizal and bacterial inoculation in a forest plantation

The knowledge of the survival of inoculated beneficial fungal and bacterial strains in the field and the effects of their release on the indigenous microbial communities has been of great interest since the practical use of selected natural or genetically modified microorganisms has been developing. The aim of this study was to monitor, 4 years after plantation into the field site, the effects of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) co-inoculation with the mycorrhiza helper bacterial strain Pseudomonas fluorescens BBc6R8 and/or the fungal strain Laccaria bicolor S238N on seedling growth and on the indigenous bacterial and ectomycorrhizal communities using quantitative and qualitative approaches. The field persistence of the inoculated strains was also monitored. The seedling shoot volume estimate was statistically significantly higher in the fungal inoculated plots in comparison to the non-inoculated plots but no treatment-related changes in the quantitave or qualitative microbial measurements were observed and the inoculated strains could not be detected after 4 years.     

Influence of temperature on the motility of Pseudomonas oryzihabitans and control of Globodera rostochiensis

The motility and efficacy of Pseudomonas oryzihabitans as a biocontrol agent against the potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis were studied with respect to temperature. The influence of soil moisture on bacterial movement was also tested. In a closed container trial, P. oryzihabitans significantly reduced invasion of second stage juveniles (J2) of G. rostochiensis in potato roots, its effect being more marked at 25 and 21 °C than at 17 °C. P. oryzihabitans motility in vitro was optimal at 26 °C and inhibited at temperatures below 18 °C. In soil, both temperature and matric potential affected bacterial movement. At 16 °C its movement and survival were suppressed, but they were unaffected at 25 °C. At both temperatures the biocontrol agent moved faster in the wetter (−0.03 MPa) than in the drier soil (−0.1 MPa). These results suggest that temperature is a key factor in determining the potential of P. oryzihabitans as a biocontrol agent.     

Soil bacterial community response to sulfadiazine in the soil–root zone

Sulfonamide antibiotics reach soil via manure and adversely affect microbial diversity. Clear effects of these bacteriostatic, growth‐inhibiting antibiotics occur in the presence of a parallel input of microbial activity stimulating manure. Natural hot spots with already increased soil microbial activity are located in the rhizosphere, comprising microorganism such as Pseudomonas with plant growth promoting and pathogenic strains. The hypothesis was therefore that the antibiotic activity of sulfonamides is promoted in the rhizosphere even in the absence of manure, followed by shifts of the natural plant‐specific microbial community structure. This was evaluated by a laboratory experiment with Salix fragilis L. and Zea mays L. After 40 d of incubation, sub‐areas such as non‐rhizosphere soil, rhizosphere soil and plant roots were sampled. Effects on microbial community structure were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene fragment patterns of total bacteria community and Pseudomonas. Selected exoenzymes of N‐, P‐, and C‐cycling were used to test effects on microbial functions. Compared to the factors soil sub‐area and sulfadiazine (SDZ) content, plant species had the largest influence on the bacterial community structure and soil exoenzyme activity pattern. This was also reflected by an up to 1.5‐fold higher acid phosphatase activity in samples from maize‐ compared to willow‐planted soil. We conclude that antibiotic effects on the bacterial community structures are influenced by the antibiotic concentration and root influence.     

Luteoforol,a flavan 4-ol,is induced in pome fruits by prohexadione-calciumand shows phytoalexin-like properties against <Emphasis Type="Italic">Erwinia amylovora</Emphasis>and other plant pathogens

Treatments with prohexadione-calcium led to lowered incidence of fire blight, scab and other diseases in pome fruit trees and other crop plants. In addition to acting as a growth regulator, prohexadione-calcium interferes with flavonoid metabolism and induces the accumulation of the 3-deoxycatechin luteoliflavan in shoots of pome fruit trees. Luteoliflavan does not possess any remarkable antimicrobial activity. Therefore luteoforol, its unstable and highly reactive precursor, has been tested in vitro for its bactericidal and fungicidal activities. Luteoforol was found to be highly active against different strains of Erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight, and all other bacterial and fungal organisms tested. Phytotoxic effects were also observed in pear plantlets. The results obtained indicate that prohexadione-calcium induces luteoforol as an active principle with non-specific biocidal properties. It is proposed that luteoforol is released upon pathogen attack from its cellular compartment and inhibits further disease development by destroying pathogen cells as well as by inducing a hypersensitive-like reaction in the host plant tissue. This mechanism would be closely analogous to the one known for structurally related phytoalexins in sorghum.     

组成型脱硫工程菌的构建及其脱硫性能分析

[目的]研究组成型脱硫工程菌的构建及其脱硫性能。[方法]以专一性脱硫菌德氏假单胞菌Pseudomonas delafieldii R-8为出发菌株,将该菌的脱硫质粒中的脱硫基因dszABC和组成型gap基因启动子克隆到表达载体pPR9TT中,获得的组成型重组质粒pRT-C后电转化R-8-0菌,得到了组成型工程菌R-8-C,并对其脱硫性能进行了比较研究。[结果]R-8-C菌在含0.10 mmol/L Na2SO4的BSM培养基中仍然具有较高脱硫活性,在72 h内,是以二苯并噻吩(DBT)为唯一硫源时R-8脱硫活性的93%;而对照组(即原始菌R-8)几乎不能脱硫。以DBT为唯一硫源时,在不同生长时期内,R-8-C菌生长细胞的脱硫活性均高于R-8菌,且在24 h内,R-8-C菌的脱硫活性约为R-8菌的1.3倍。[结论]该研究为进一步了解脱硫基因调控机制及构建高活性脱硫工程菌奠定了基础。     

一株丁草胺降解菌的分离鉴定

通过富集培养技术结合高效液相色谱法检测,从长期受丁草胺污染的污泥中筛选出1株丁草胺降解菌,命名为Y-1。经形态特征、生理生化特征和16S rDNA序列同源性分析,将该菌株鉴定为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)。通过研究Y-1在不同条件下的降解特性发现,降解丁草胺的最优条件为:丁草胺初始浓度20 mg/L、接种量5%、pH值7、培养温度30℃。在最优环境条件下培养7 d,Y-1能降解培养液中76%的丁草胺,显示了良好的降解能力。     

养殖鱼塘中铜绿假单胞菌致病性及耐药相关基因的研究

旨在分析养殖鱼塘水体中铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa,PA)分离菌株的致病性、耐药性及其可能机制,为保障水产食品的安全提供科学依据。使用美国临床与实验室标准研究所的标准纸片扩散法,以及聚合酶链反应技术对PA分离菌株进行了抗菌素耐药性,以及毒性、固有和获得性耐药相关基因的检测与分析。结果显示,受试PA分离菌株的50%为exoS+/exoU-侵染型分子型,无临床分离菌株的exoS-/exoU+的细胞毒型分子型。PA菌株对6大类9种抗菌素的耐药性存在明显差异,其中甲氧胺苄嘧啶和利福平的耐药率最高为100%,其次是氨苄西林、卡那霉素和四环素,分别为90%、90%和80%,庆大霉素的耐药率最低为10%。多药抗性PA菌株均含有MexAB-OprM、MexXY-OprM和MexVW-OprM外排泵系统,其中20%菌株检测为β-内酰胺酶基因(ampC)阳性;而MexEF-OprN、MexJK-OprM、MexCD-OprJ和MexGHI-OpmD外排泵基因全部或部分缺失。此外,在PA菌株中均未检测到Ⅰ～Ⅲ类整合子的整合酶基因(comINT),但是整合接合元件(ICEs)保守模块功能基因(ICEint、soj、pilS2、pilD)均检测为阳性,提示PA菌株携带的ICEs具有潜在的转移活性,为进一步探讨PA多药抗性的散播奠定了基础。     

Bacteria inhabiting artificially inoculated xylem of Picea abies

Bacteria inhabiting the xylem of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karsten) were investigated. The trees had been wounded and artificially inoculated with fungi and bacteria obtained from wounds of naturally infected spruce. One and five growing seasons after inoculation the Gram‐negative bacterial population present in the stem of inoculated trees were analysed.

The Gram‐negative bacteria isolated from the trees were identified on the basis of morphological, biochemical and physiological tests and whole‐cell fatty acid composition. The predominant strains were Enterobacteriaceae fermenter strains (E. agglomerans or E. sakazakii), fluorescent and yellow pigmented Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter and Moraxella spp. All Gram‐positive bacteria were Bacillus species.

The Gram‐negative bacteria of Norway spruce differed from the Gram‐positive species in possessing stronger lipolytic activity and in their ability to utilize pine resins for growth. Gram‐positive bacteria were generally able to utilise cellulose and hemicellulose, whereas among the Gram‐negative bacteria only one xylanolytic (yellow Pseudomonas) strain was found.