由体外受精囊胚获得ICR小鼠ES细胞

收集鼠卵母细胞和精子，采用体外受精技术，获得早期胚胎。体外培养胚胎至囊胚，分离内细胞团，获得ICR小鼠的ES细胞。结果不但获得了来自体外受精囊胚的ICR小鼠ES细胞，而且表明用体外受精方法获得的小鼠早期胚胎的数量明显大于常规方法，且比较稳定。ICR小鼠ES细胞的获得，为研究小鼠的ES细胞分化提供了条件。     

宁南旱地小杂粮产业开发技术研究

立足宁南旱地小杂粮生产现状,通过分析影响产业化发展的主要限制因子,提出了以持续增进降水生产潜力,提高降水利用率和农田水分效率为重点,大力推广优质高效抗旱新品种及配套栽培技术、优化集成抗旱节水农业技术、培肥土壤、建设高产稳产基本农田、加强产业化开发等关键技术。     

东港市水田旅生稻防除技术研究

介绍了东港地区水田旅生稻的发生及危害状况,阐述了旅生稻现有种类及生育特点。同时,分析了旅生稻发生危害的原因,并提出了综合防治技术措施。     

利用IVM/IVF技术生产试管犊牛的研究

本研究利用卵母细胞体外成熟(IVM)、体外受精(IVF)技术,体外生产牛胚胎,以获得试管牛.结果表明:卵母细胞体外培养22～24h后,其成熟率为85％;体外受精率为83％.体外受精卵分别在颗粒细胞单层(GCM)和输卵管细胞单层(OCM)上培养,其胚胎最后产量(以授精时卵母细胞的数目为基数)分别为19％和29％,差异极显著(P<0.01).若体外受精卵先在GCM中培养72h后,再将已发生卵裂的(>4细胞)胚胎移到OCM中培养,其胚胎最后产量为35％.由此表明,早期胚胎在其发育过程中至少存在着3个发育相期,即1～8细胞、8～16细胞和16细胞～囊胚3个阶段,各阶段需要不同的培养环境.IVM/IVF胚胎移植到受体黄牛体内后,其足月时的妊娠率为15％.第一头试管犊牛已于1993年4月18日凌晨产出.     

通过暂时免疫抑制研究跨膜蛋白C末端缺失对EIAV疫苗株EIAV_(FDDV12)体内复制的影响

马传染性贫血病毒(EIAV)减毒疫苗是世界首例慢病毒疫苗,但其作用机理尚不明了。我们的前期研究发现EIAV疫苗株EIAVFDDV12编码跨膜蛋白gp45的基因在马体内发生高频率G2230A点突变形成终止子,使该蛋白C末端出现154个氨基酸的截短。为了探讨该截短蛋白对EIAV疫苗株生物学特性的作用,本研究以EIAV弱毒疫苗株感染性克隆基础上,构建了gp45截短型感染性克隆,脂质体转染细胞,增殖传代,获得病毒株EIAVFDDVTM-36,接种到马体内。在接种后167 d内未观察到临床症状,连续注射10 d地塞米松以暂时抑制免疫系统,并用迟发性超敏反应和淋巴细胞增殖实验评价免疫抑制效果。结果显示,截短型跨膜蛋白疫苗株EIAVFDDVTM-36接种组免疫抑制前后病毒载量和中和抗体效价差异不显著,而完整型跨膜蛋白疫苗株感染性克隆EIAVFDDVTM-45接种组4匹马中3匹免疫抑制后病毒载量显著上升,同时组内中和抗体效价明显提高。以上结果表明,马体特异性免疫压力对EIAVFDDVTM-36复制无影响,而对亲本株EIAVFDDVTM-45复制有抑制,显示跨膜蛋白截短型EIAV作为疫苗更为安全。但免疫抑制造成的gp45跨膜蛋白未截短型疫苗株感染性克隆体内病毒载量升高,可以促使机体产生更高的中和抗体效价,提示该疫苗的安全性和有效性在一定程度内呈负相关(相互制约)。因此,安全性和有效性的平衡是慢病毒减毒疫苗研发需注意的重要因素。     

体外产气法评价反刍动物饲料营养价值的研究

试验旨在通过体外产气法评定反刍动物常用饲料原料的营养价值。饲料原料包括3种能量饲料(玉米、玉米皮、麸皮)和3种粗饲料(苜蓿草粉、苜蓿干草、玉米秸秆),通过体外发酵试验,测定各种饲料原料2、6、12、24h累积产气量、体外发酵参数及营养物质降解率,并分析不同类型饲料发酵动力学参数及发酵动力学与营养成分之间的相关关系。结果表明,能量饲料中,玉米体外发酵24h的产气量(GP₂₄)、理论最大产气量(A)最高,产气曲线的平滑度(B)与其他能量饲料相比没有显著差异(P>0.05);玉米的干物质降解率(DMD)最高,玉米皮的中性洗涤纤维降解率(NDFD)最高,麸皮的粗蛋白质降解率(CPD)最高;粗饲料间GP₂₄差异不显著(P>0.05),苜蓿草粉的GP₂₄、A、DMD、CPD均最高,而粗饲料间B部分差异不显著(P>0.05);GP₂₄和A与粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、灰分(Ash)均呈极显著负相关关系(P<0.01)。综上所述,不同类型饲料间产气量及动力学参数存在显著差异,能够为奶牛日粮配制提供参考。     

Cascading effects of introduced Nile perch (Lates niloticus) on the foraging ecology of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Abstract –  Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus L.) is the dominant of the introduced tilapiines in many East African lakes and has flourished in the presence of introduced Nile perch ( Lates niloticus L.). We explored the hypothesis that O. niloticus exhibits increased omnivory in response to a decline in abundance of haplochromine cichlids. First, we quantified variation in habitat use and diet of O. niloticus in Lake Nabugabo, Uganda. Second, we compared the diet of O. niloticus in lakes with (Nabugabo, Victoria) and without (Mburo, Wamala, Nyamusingiri, Kyasanduka) introduced Nile perch. In Lake Nabugabo, a higher level of phytoplanktivory was observed in small juveniles than in larger fish and in wetland ecotone areas where haplochromines were most abundant. An omnivorous diet dominated by detritus and invertebrates was recorded for O. niloticus in lakes Nabugabo and Victoria, while a predominantly herbivorous diet was characteristic of O. niloticus in lakes without Nile perch. Availability of a broad food base in lakes where inshore insectivores have been reduced may explain the increased omnivory recorded in lakes Nabugabo and Victoria.     

Application of long‐chain alcohols as diet‐composition markers in sheep fed on grass–white clover and heather–gorse plant species

Utilization of long‐chain alcohols (LCOH) as diet‐composition markers in sheep consuming six diets composed of improved pasture species (Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens) with heather–gorse components (Erica spp., Calluna vulgaris and Ulex gallii) was evaluated. Twenty‐four adult cross‐bred sheep were housed in individual stalls. Diet composition was estimated from LCOH concentrations, combined or not with alkanes and long‐chain fatty acid (LCFA) data using least‐squares procedures. Prior to calculations, faecal concentrations were corrected using mean treatment (faecal recovery 1, FR1) recoveries and mean recoveries across diets (FR2). Estimates were compared with those obtained without faecal correction (FR0) and known values. Large differences between plant species and plant parts were found in LCOH patterns and total LCOH concentrations. LCOH provided complementary information to that given by alkanes and LCFA. Even‐chain LCOH comprised the largest fraction, representing on average 0·894 of total concentrations. Faecal recovery was incomplete and tended to increase with carbon‐chain length (CCL) in a curvilinear manner (FR = ?7·872 + 0·580 × CCL ? 0·010 × CCL²; P < 0·001; r² = 0·752). Diet composition influenced (P < 0·001) LCOH recovery, although variability within (CV of 9·0%) and between (CV of 13·3%) diets was low. Accuracy of estimates was influenced (P < 0·001) by faecal‐correction method and markers used, and the best estimate was obtained combining LCOH and alkanes. Improvement in estimate accuracy can be achieved if suitable correction of LCOH faecal concentrations is performed prior to calculations. Results indicated that LCOH showed lower dependence than alkanes and LCFA on the use of accurate faecal‐correction data.     

北方草地及农牧交错区草地植被碳储量及其影响因素

【目的】草地生态系统在全球碳平衡中有重要的意义,草地植被碳库及其变化机制研究是植被生态学的重要命题。本文研究北方草地和农牧交错区草地植被碳密度及其空间格局,解析不同区域草地植被碳密度的关键影响因素,分析了气候、土壤、放牧等因素对地上地下植被碳库的相对贡献。【方法】基于2002—2009年北方草地及农牧交错带草地植被调查数据,结合同期MODIS/NDVI遥感影像和1﹕100万草地类型图,建立了我国主要草地类型的生物量估算模型;整合野外考察数据和前人研究结果,探讨了研究区地上地下生物碳库及其空间格局;基于研究区255个县级行政单元,分析了不同类型草地植被碳库与气候要素、土壤要素及家畜承载量的关系,应用一般线性模型(GLM)解析了不同影响因素对草地碳密度的相对贡献。【结果】(1)北方草地与农牧交错区草地地上平均生物碳密度为36.9 g C·m^-2,地下生物碳密度为362.9 g C·m^-2,地下生物碳密度高于地上10倍,均呈从东到西递减的趋势,频率分布图基本服从对数正态分布,不同草地类型的生物碳密度存在明显差异;(2)整个研究区及草原亚区、荒漠亚区...     

泰安市种植业污染综合评价与研究

随机抽取调查1237个典型地块农户,针对泰安市种植业污染源中的化肥、农药、农用地膜施用状况及农作物秸秆的去向,进行了综合调查。应用层次分析法,对调查资料进行了分析,确定了评价指标的权重,并据此建立了泰安市种植业污染评价模型,为定量地评价泰安市种植业的污染状况,正确判断环境形势,科学制定环境保护的政策和规划提供依据。