Levels of antinutritional factors in pearl millet as affected by processing treatments and various types of fermentation

Pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoideum) was fermented with Lactobacilli or yeasts alone and in combination, and with natural microflora after various processing treatments, as grinding, soaking, debranning, dry heat treatment, autoclaving and germination. Fermentation was carried out at 30°C for 48 hours withLactobacillus plantarum (LP) andRhodotorula (R) isolated from naturally fermented pearl millet andLactobacillus acidophilus (LA),Candida utilis (CU) and natural microflora (NF). Germination and autoclaving, and debranning and autoclaving were the most effective processing treatments to reduce the phytic acid, amylase inhibitors and polyphenols. There was a further reduction in these antinutrients due to fermentation. Phytic acid and amylase inhibitors were completely eliminated after fermentation in some of the samples especially in soaked, debranned and germinated ones. Polyphenols were altered non-significantly in general but fermentation with Lp+R and NF caused a significant increased in polyphenols.     

Nutrient content of young cassava leaves and assessment of their acceptance as a green vegetable in Nigeria

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) leaves contained a high level of crude protein (29.3–32.4% dry weight) compared to a conventional vegetable,Amaranthus (19.6%). Ash was 4.6–6.4% in cassava leaf samples but 13.1% dry weight inAmaranthus. Dietary fibre was very high in all samples (26.9–39% dry weight) while HCN-potential was low (5.1–12.6 mg/100 g dry weight). Tannin was the highest in IITA red cassava leaves (29.7 mg/g) and the lowest inAmaranthus vegetable. In vitro digestibility was very low in oven dried samples (15.6–22.7%). Blanching increased protein content (exceptAmaranthus) and in vitro protein digestibility but decreased ash, minerals, dietary fibre and tannin, while HCN-potential was unchanged. Grinding reduced both HCN-potential and tannin by 84 and 71% respectively while oven drying only reduced the HCN content marginally. Preference studies showed that the highest percentage of respondents (25.3%) preferredAmaranthus vegetable, followed by Celosia (17.5%), Talinum (12.4%), garden egg (11.5%), with cassava leaves as the least (0.5%). Organoleptic evaluation rated cassava leaf soup inferior toAmaranthus in terms of appearance, colour and texture but equal in terms of taste and flavour and overall acceptability.     

Microbiological evaluation of tofu and tempeh during processing and storage

Tofu samples consisting of Fresh Tofu, Herb Tofu, Tofu Paste, Fried Tofu, Tofu Burger, Smoked Tofu and different types of herbs used for making Herb Tofu were analysed for their microbiological load. Tempeh samples consisted of cook water, inoculated beans and fresh tempeh. Fresh Tofu and Herb Tofu had high bacterial counts (10⁵ cfu/g). Tofu Burger and Smoked Tofu had counts around 10⁴ cfu/g. Tofu Paste and Fried Tofu had low counts (<10² cfu/g). Cutting board, knife and frequent hand contact with product were the major sources of contamination for tofu. Herbs used for making Herb Tofu were highly contaminated (>10⁵ cfu/g). Cook water and cooked beans for tempeh production had lower counts (10⁴ cfu/g). Initial count of fresh tempeh was high (about 10⁸ cfu/g). Most products had counts of >10⁶ cfu/g after 7 days of cold storage. The microbiological quality of the product may improve if producers avoid unnecessary contamination during processing.     

甜菜多胚四倍体品系制糖工艺品质性状的遗传潜势与选择

以12份多胚四倍体甜菜品系的随机区组试验结果,对制糖工艺品质性状及农艺性状进行了遗传潜势与选择研究。结果表明:除K含量外,品质性状品系间存在显著差异,含糖率、清汁纯度的遗传进度较小;Na含量、可回收糖量的遗传力、遗传变异系数和遗传进度均较大;对上述性状应在早代选择,但对于含糖率、清汁纯度等遗传变异小的性状,应扩大选择群体的变异范围,才能达到较好的选择效果。含糖率、清汁纯度、可回收糖量相互间呈极显著正相关,与杂质指数、Na含量、有害氮(α-N)含量、褐斑病(级)、生长势呈强或弱的负相关;Na、α-N含量、杂质指数等相互间呈强或弱的正相关。对可回收糖量正向选择和对杂质指数负向选择时,含糖率和清汁纯度的遗传进度较大。进一步对品质育种策略作了讨论。     

狼毒残渣加工生物药肥颗粒剂方法的初步研究

为了探索狼毒残渣资源化利用的有效方法,为狼毒生物药肥颗粒剂产品开发提供参考,在狼毒残渣中加入填料(凹凸棒土)、粘结剂(甲基纤维素)和赋活剂(复硝酚钠),喷洒适量清水搅拌均匀后采用挤压造粒法进行狼毒生物药肥颗粒剂试制。在试制过程中对各种成分用量进行对比分析,并根据检测指标对制成的颗粒剂产品进行评价。结果表明,狼毒生物药肥颗粒剂最佳加工配方为狼毒废弃残渣50.000 0%、赋活剂(复硝酚钠) 0.012 5%、填料(凹凸棒土)23.000 0%、粘结剂(甲基纤维素) 2.000 0%、水24.987 5%。该配方制成的狼毒生物药肥颗粒完全剂符合药肥颗粒剂质量指标要求,其性质稳定,便于贮藏和运输,可实现对狼毒残渣的完全利用。     

鲜食玉米速冻加工工艺及设备研究

介绍了鲜食玉米采收后的加工工艺,简述了鲜嫩玉米剥皮、切端、分级、清洗、蒸煮、冷却、速冻等工序的工艺控制要点,并在此基础上,对各工序加工机械的研究与应用情况进行了分析,为鲜食玉米速冻加工工艺和设备研究提供参考。     

百里香精油提取工艺研究

采用共水蒸馏法对百里香(Thymus vulgaris)精油的提取工艺进行研究。以得油率为指标,以液料比、蒸馏时间、浸泡温度、浸泡时间为因素进行正交试验,得出最佳提取工艺为:液料比30∶1,蒸馏时间2 h,浸泡温度30℃,浸泡时间2 h。     

果汁牛奶混合型酸奶加工工艺的研究

以优质鲜牛奶为原料，添加胡萝卜、西红柿、芦荟混合果汁，将保加利亚乳酸杆菌及嗜热链球菌以1：1混合作为发酵剂，研制出营养丰富，色泽美观，风味独特的果汁牛奶混合型酸奶。     

陕西省小麦育成品种的加工品质特性与聚类分析

测定了150份陕西省小麦育成品种重要加工品质指标:籽粒硬度、粗蛋白含量和全麦粉SDS-沉淀值,并根据该品质指标对供试品种的加工品质特性进行聚类分析.供试品种粗蛋白含量平均值为12.4%,变异系数8.9%,硬度与SDS-沉淀值变异较大,其平均值分别为46.1和45.2ml,变异系数分别为15.2%和23.4%.聚类分析结果,150个小麦品种被聚为Ⅵ大类.第Ⅱ类和第Ⅵ类品种3个加工品质指标综合平衡较好.第Ⅱ类包括10个品种,该类品种籽粒硬度大,粗蛋白含量高,沉淀值也高,其加工品质特性与面包小麦相似.第Ⅵ类有18个品种,其籽粒硬度小,粗蛋白含量低,沉淀值也低,其加工品质特性类似于饼干小麦.     

加工番茄果实成熟过程中果胶积累特性

为探讨加工番茄果实成熟过程中果胶物质的积累特性，对3个加工番茄品种及不同果实生育期和不同坐果节位的果实果胶组成和含量进行测定分析。结果表明，3个品种果实的果胶物质均是由水溶性果胶(WSP)、草酸溶性果胶(OSP)和碱溶性果胶（ASP）构成。在绿熟期果实内以OSP和ASP为主，红熟期果实内以WSP和OSP为主；随着果实的成熟，果实内的WSP含量均呈上升趋势，ASP含量均呈下降趋势，OSP含量表现上升至粉红期后又逐渐降低的趋势；3个不同品种中，Q020 品种的总果胶（TP）含量最高，里格尔87 5品种的TP含量最少，Q020果实内的WSP、OSP和ASP在成熟过程中总体均高于里格尔87 5和屯河8号。