叶绿素荧光在大豆莠去津药害早期诊断中的应用

为了研究除草剂药害与叶绿素荧光参数之间的关系,通过对大豆喷施一系列剂量的莠去津(有效剂量4.687 5~150 g/hm2),并在处理1、3、5 d后测量大豆叶片叶绿素荧光参数,分析大豆叶片叶绿素荧光参数值与莠去津剂量的关系。结果表明,喷药1 d后,大豆叶片原初光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)、非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(Y(Ⅱ))和相对光合电子传递速率(ETR)均随着处理剂量升高而降低,并且其抑制方程的R2值均大于0.9,表现出一定的剂量-效应关系。所以叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm、NPQ、Y(Ⅱ)和ETR的抑制率及抑制率变化曲线均可作为大豆莠去津毒性快速检测系统的生物学指标,实时、高效且无损地检测大豆莠去津药害。     

香菇柄水提液对油菜种子活力及抗逆性的影响

在室内用生物学方法研究了不同浓度香菇柄水提液浸种对油菜种子活力的影响。结果表明,0.005 g/mL 的水提液浸种对提高油菜种子活力的效果最佳。进一步研究表明,0.005 g/mL 的水提液浸种处理,使油菜种子在4℃低温下的发芽率显著提高,且幼苗经4℃低温胁迫两天后,叶片中的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、 过氧化物酶（POD）活性,可溶性糖、 可溶性蛋白及叶绿素含量显著高于对照组,膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛（MDA）含量显著低于对照组,表明香菇柄水提液浸种处理油菜种子可提高其种苗的抗寒性。试验结果还表明,香菇柄水提液浸种处理油菜种子可提高油菜种苗的耐除草剂能力。     

农用除草剂对土壤保水剂吸液性能的影响

吸液性能是土壤保水剂在进行农业抗旱应用时的重要参考指标之一。除草剂在农业生产上应用广泛,其淋溶进入土壤中会影响保水剂的吸液性能,原因在于除草剂分子导致保水剂膜结构破裂,改变了保水剂水凝胶表面的微形貌特征,从而导致其吸液性能的下降。该文采用扫描电镜分析技术和分形分析方法,研究了3种农用除草剂(阿特拉津、甲草胺、苯磺隆)对保水剂水凝胶表面微形貌特征的影响规律,并探讨了其对保水剂吸液性能的影响机制。结果表明,0.5、1、2mg/L质量浓度的除草剂甲草胺和苯磺隆溶液降低了保水剂的吸液能力和水凝胶表面微形貌的单分形维数,但其对保水剂吸液性能的影响并不显著;然而,除草剂阿特拉津对保水剂水凝胶表面微形貌特征的影响比较明显,阿特拉津质量浓度越大,保水剂的吸液质量越小,当质量浓度为2mg/L时,保水剂水凝胶表面的膜结构发生一定程度的破坏,保水剂吸液性能也显著降低,相对降低幅度达到9.64%,保水剂水凝胶表面孔隙分布的单分形维数值和多重分形谱奇异性指数跨度均随着阿特拉津浓度的加大而减小,表明其孔隙分布更为均匀,网络结构的复杂度减小。     

抗除草剂谷子品种衡谷13号的选育

衡谷13号是河北省农林科学院旱作农业研究所以优质、高产谷子品种安04-4783（豫谷15）为母本,以抗拿扑净谷子品种K492（冀谷31）为父本,根据生物遗传规律和亲本优缺点互补的原则,采用系谱选育方法育成的优质、高产、抗除草剂拿扑净谷子新品种。该品种2013年通过了全国谷子品种鉴定委员会鉴定（鉴定编号：国鉴谷2013018）,适宜在河北、河南、山东等华北夏谷区夏播或晚春播种植。     

Natural and induced heavy‐metal accumulation by Arrhenatherum elatius: Implications for phytoremediation

Abstract

The uptake of cobalt, copper, lead, and nickel by the perennial metal‐tolerant grass Arrhenatherum elatius was studied by growing the plants in two different substrates. These were a cobalt/copper/nickel ore (Experiment A) and base‐metal tailings rich in lead (Experiment B). The enhancement of metal uptake by the plants following addition of EDTA was investigated in both experiments. In Experiment A, metal concentrations in dry plant matter were about equal to the acid‐extractable (1 M hydrochloric acid) fractions in the supporting soils after addition of 4 g kg^‐1 EDTA. In Experiment B, the base‐metal tailings contained 11,500 mg kg^‐1 (1.15%) lead. The EDTA addition induced 2.5% lead (dry matter) in the grass. This was reduced to ca. 1.0% upon addition of lime. The results indicate that A. elatius may have some potential in phytoremediation operations if EDTA is added to the substrate.     

Vulpia myuros,an increasing threat for agriculture

Vulpia myuros is an annual grass species of Mediterranean origin, which has achieved a global distribution. It is a fast‐growing species, with high colonisation and competitive abilities. This species is considered an invasive weed in most countries where it has been introduced, with highly negative economic impact where it now dominates. It is increasingly found to be a problematic weed in winter cereals, especially in no‐till and reduced tillage systems, across Europe, United States and Australia. Seeds of V. myuros have reduced germination potential when buried. However, where tillage interventions are reduced, ideal conditions for V. myuros are created. Minimum and no tillage practices are increasing worldwide, with a concomitant increase in the spread and abundance of V. myuros. Effectiveness of herbicides is mostly suboptimal, in particular for well‐established populations forming dense swards, even though no herbicide resistance has yet been identified. An integrated management approach, increasing crop diversification combined with management adaptations, possibly including herbicides is suggested as an effective control strategy. Despite increasing research on V. myuros, more information is needed to optimise the management of this weed. Based on the species’ Mediterranean origins and adaptation to warm and dry environments, an increase of its global importance may be expected with climate changes. It is thus paramount to increase the awareness around this species, improve its identification in the field and monitor its spread before it becomes a concern of similar magnitude to grass weeds like Alopecurus myosuroides or Lolium rigidum.     

一次性安全除草剂剂量的优化及除草效果研究

试验比较了几种除草剂不同剂量的除草效果。结果表明,施药后45 d,葱封200 mL/667 m²处理（T4）、葱封160 mL/667 m²处理（T3）的鲜质量防效分别为99.99%为99.29%;T3处理的产量为640.31 kg/667 m²,较常规对照（机插前5~7 d每667 m²施秋之宝125 mL、西草净80 mL,机插后15 d每667 m²施马歇特125 mL、西草净50 mL）高29.12 kg/667 m²;T3处理的效益较常规对照高32.51元/667 m²,其余处理均比常规对照低;T3处理的糙米率、整精米率分别为83.3%和76.2%,其中,整精米率较常规对照高1.0个百分点。     

A novel pre‐emergence herbicide (Diclosulam) as an environmentally friendly weed management option in peanut and its phytotoxicity evaluation

A two‐season field experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of diclosulam compared with recommended doses of pendimethalin and oxyfluorfen for weed management in peanut. Persistence of diclosulam in oil, de‐oiled cake, haulm of peanut, and soil was also studied. Diclosulam 22 and 26 g a.i. ha^?1, and a weed‐free check had a high pod yield due to more mature pods and their mass. Pre‐emergence application of diclosulam 26 g a.i. ha^?1 provided better weed management and enhanced peanut growth and yield with high net returns. Phytotoxicity studies indicated that the diclosulam application did not cause any phytotoxic symptoms (vein clearing, epinasty, hyponasty, wilting, and injury) on leaf tips and leaf surface of peanut. Diclosulam residues in peanut viz. oil, de‐oiled cake, haulm, and soil were below the detection level after harvesting of peanut from the experimental field. Further, germination percentage and seed cotton yield of cotton crop cultivated after peanut were also not affected significantly.     

除草剂对蚕豆、油菜田小籽虉草的防除效果和安全性评价

小籽虉草Phalaris minor是近年来危害云南中西部地区冬季作物田的恶性杂草。云南冬季作物以阔叶作物为主, 有必要开展在阔叶作物田小籽虉草的化学防除效果研究。本研究在室内和田间测试了108 g/L高效氟吡甲禾灵EC、150 g/L精吡氟禾草灵EC、10%精喹禾灵EC、69 g/L精噁唑禾草灵EW、240 g/L烯草酮EC、12.5%烯禾啶EC、5%唑啉草酯EC等7种阔叶作物田茎叶处理剂对小籽虉草的防效以及对油菜和蚕豆的安全性。室内研究结果表明, 药后30 d, 5%唑啉草酯EC、12.5%烯禾啶EC、10%精喹禾灵EC在推荐剂量作用下对小籽虉草的鲜重防效超过90%, 杂草植株表现明显枯死症状, 并且安全性指数均大于2; 240 g/L烯草酮EC的株防效较差, 鲜重防效也低于50%; 其他药剂的鲜重防效为80%左右。田间药效试验表明, 5%唑啉草酯EC防效最优, 接近95%, 108 g/L高效氟吡甲禾灵EC和12.5%烯禾啶EC等防效能达到90%, 其他药剂的防效也超过80%, 所有药剂对油菜和蚕豆均安全。以上结果表明, 当前大多数阔叶作物田禾本科杂草除草剂对小籽虉草高效, 对作物安全, 控制小籽虉草的备选除草剂品种较多。