两种鸢尾幼苗对Cd胁迫的生理耐性探讨

以马蔺(Iris lactea var.chinensis)和鸢尾(I. tectorum)2种耐性不同的鸢尾属植物为材料,采用溶液培养试验,研究了10、120 mg/L Cd胁迫下2种鸢尾幼苗膜透性、可溶性糖和蛋白以及根系生长等的生理耐性差异.结果表明:10 mg/L低Cd胁迫和120 mg/L高Cd胁迫均导致2种鸢尾幼苗叶片膜透性(CMP)增加;马蔺根系活力、可溶性糖和蛋白含量在低浓度Cd胁迫下增加,高浓度Cd胁迫下根系活力和可溶性糖含量出现下降趋势,而可溶性蛋白含量持续增加;鸢尾根系活力在低浓度和高浓度Cd胁迫下均呈下降趋势,可溶性糖和蛋白含量随Cd浓度增加表现为先增后降的趋势.     

关于骆驼抗逆性的思考

从探险家发现南极鱼到科学家在南极鱼体内找到抗冷冻蛋白,联想到如何挖掘骆驼所具有的抗逆性。围绕骆驼特有的耐热、耐渴、耐寒、耐饿、耐粗饲料等生物学特性,对驼产业的开发与利用提出了新的思路。     

猪细小病毒氢氧化铝疫苗研究

选用从国内浙江省某猪场流产死胎中分离的猪细小病毒强毒（简称浙PV－Z株），通过仔猪肾原代细胞增殖后，经甲醛灭活，再配以20％的氨氧化铝胶佐剂制成猪细小病毒氢氧化铝疫苗。该疫苗免疫性好，免疫程序简单。小剂量肌注豚鼠和猪，均能激起明显的抗体应答反应，疫苗对豚鼠接种2次HI价可达到1：320以上（通常1：640－1：1280）。对成年猪接种疫苗0．2ml,0.5ml,1.0ml免疫2次，或用2．0ml免疫1次，HI价范围在1：20－1：320之间，疫苗对胎儿的保护率可达到98．7％。实验室和田间跟踪试验显示该疫苗具有保存期长、耐热、安全、免疫保护率高等特点。     

酿酒酵母发酵液对断奶仔猪生长性能、小肠发育及小肠黏膜免疫功能的影响

本试验旨在探究酿酒酵母(S.cerevisiae)发酵液对断奶仔猪生长性能、小肠发育及小肠黏膜免疫功能的影响。选取平均体重为(6.57±0.13)kg的26日龄"长白×杜洛克"断奶仔猪60头(公母各占1/2),按体重和性别随机分为3个组,每组4个重复,每个重复5头仔猪。3个组分别为:对照组(基础饲粮+300 m L/kg空白培养液)、酿酒酵母发酵液组(基础饲粮+300 m L/kg酿酒酵母发酵液)和抗生素组(基础饲粮+20 mg/kg硫酸黏杆菌素+40 mg/kg杆菌肽锌)。试验期21 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,酿酒酵母发酵液组和抗生素组的平均日增重(ADG)和平均日采食量(ADFI)显著或极显著升高(P0.05或P0.01),料重比极显著降低(P0.01);但酿酒酵母发酵液组与抗生素组的以上生长性能指标均无显著差异(P0.05)。2)与对照组相比,酿酒酵母发酵液组和抗生素组的十二指肠、空肠和回肠黏膜总蛋白、DNA和RNA含量显著或极显著升高(P0.05或P0.01);但酿酒酵母发酵液组与抗生素组的以上指标均无显著差异(P0.05)。3)与对照组相比,酿酒酵母发酵液组和抗生素组的十二指肠和回肠绒毛高度显著升高(P0.05),十二指肠、空肠和回肠绒毛高度/隐窝深度(V/C)显著或极显著升高(P0.05或P0.01);但酿酒酵母发酵液组与抗生素组的以上指标均无显著差异(P0.05)。4)与对照组相比,酿酒酵母发酵液组和抗生素组的十二指肠、空肠和回肠黏膜免疫球蛋白A、免疫球蛋白G和免疫球蛋白M含量均显著或极显著升高(除空肠黏膜免疫球蛋白G外)(P0.05或P0.01);但酿酒酵母发酵液组和抗生素组的以上指标均无显著差异(P0.05)。结果显示,饲粮中添加酿酒酵母发酵液能够提高断奶仔猪的生长性能,促进小肠发育,提高小肠黏膜免疫功能,达到与抗生素相当的效果。提示酿酒酵母发酵液可有效缓解断奶应激,减少或者替代抗生素在断奶仔猪饲粮中的使用,这为研发无抗饲粮提供了有力的理论依据和数据支持。     

用RAPD标记研究7个猪种间的亲缘关系

试验利用随机扩增多态ＤＮＡ技术对互助猪、荣昌猪、甘肃白猪、长白猪、约克夏猪、杜洛克猪、汉普猪共７个品种的ＤＮＡ池进行了多态型研究,分析了各品种间的亲缘关系。结果显示：甘肃白猪虽然是由国外品种和地方品种培育而成,但其亲缘关系更接近于中国猪品种;约克夏猪与其它欧洲猪种亲缘关系较远,这可能与约克夏猪在培养过程中亲本遗传背景较为复杂有关。     

CmRT1, a Ty3-gypsy-like retrotransposon in Castanea mollissima,is associated with a short-catkin mutation

Summary

Retrotransposons are major components of the genomes of most eukaryotic organisms and have resulted in the introduction of desirable traits in many crops, including fruit trees. Here, we describe a Ty3-gypsy-like retrotransposon associated with a short-catkin mutant in Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima), resulting in catkins that are < 20% the length of normal staminate catkins. A partial sequence of the retrotransposon, named CmRT1, detected by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis, and its complete sequence were determined from the genome of Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima) using improved Tail-PCR. CmRT1 was 10,067 bp in length and shared high homology in its predicted amino acid sequence and motifs with other Ty3/gypsy-like retrotransposons. The 5’ long terminal repeat (LTR) of CmRT1 contained a TATA box and several cis-elements that were predicted to be important for processes involving abscisic acid, gibberellic acid, and auxins and in stress-mediated responses. Further characterisation of the transposition event that led to the short-catkin phenotype was performed using two pairs of primers that aligned with the flanking region of the LTRs. The expected PCR bands were observed only in genomic DNA from plants that showed the mutation. Finally, cloning and real-time qPCR analysis of an NADP-dependent alkenal double-bond reductase (CmADBR) target gene that was adjacent to CmRT1, revealed that CmADBR expression was significantly down-regulated in the short-catkin mutant. Taken together, these results suggest that the CmRT1 retrotransposon is responsible for the short-catkin phenotype.     

2014年-2016年广西地区猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒Nsp2和ORF5基因的遗传多样性分析

为了解广西地区猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)流行毒株的遗传进化情况,对2014年-2016年来自广西各地的部分PRRSV阳性病料进行Nsp2和ORF5基因的扩增和测序分析.结果获得34个Nsp2基因序列和45个ORF5基因序列,均属于美洲型毒株.Nsp2基因间核苷酸序列的同源性为91.8％~100％,与PRRSV美洲型毒株VR-2332、CH-1a、JXA1及NADC30株核苷酸序列的同源性分别为81.3％~84.3％、88.9％~92.1％、94.3％~99.3％和73.5％~75.1％,而与PRRSV欧洲型毒株LV株核苷酸序列的同源性为51.5％~53.2％.ORF5基因间核苷酸序列的同源性为82.8％~100％,与PRRSV美洲型毒株VR-2332、CH-1a、JXA1及NADC30株核苷酸序列的同源性分别为83.7％~99.5％、85％~95％、83.8％~99.7％和83.2％~86.4％,而与PRRSV欧洲型毒株LV株核苷酸序列的同源性为62.4％~64.5％.基于Nsp2和ORF5基因推导的氨基酸序列绘制的遗传进化树中,广西地区的毒株主要分布在以JXA1为代表的Ⅳ亚群.表明当前广西PRRSV流行毒株以JXA1株为代表的高致病性美洲型毒株为主,各毒株Nsp2和ORF5基因序列存在一定的差异,尚未发现欧洲型毒株和美洲型NADC30类毒株.     

Swine fever. Immunisation of piglets

Vaccination against Swine Fever using the CL Chinese strain can be done in 7-day-old piglets if they are born of non-immune sows. The simultaneous weaning and vaccination emphasises the safety of this strain. The excellent immunity observed confirms the immunocompetence of 7-day-old piglets. In piglets born of immune sows and also weaned at 7 days, passive protection can extend beyond the age of 2 months if the sow is vaccinated several months prior to gestation. The immune level of the piglets would seem to depend on the interval between vaccination of the sow and farrowing and can be attributed to the quality of the antibodies transmitted by the colostrum. Piglets born of sows vaccinated 10 months prior to farrowing can be vaccinated as early as 5 weeks; the protection percentage observed at the age of about 6 months is over 80%. A booster injection at this age then confers immunity to future breeders throughout their economic life, i.e. 4 years in the reported experiment.     

内生真菌和水引发对NaCl胁迫条件下中华羊茅种子萌发的影响

本试验以带Epichloё内生真菌(E+)及不带内生真菌(E-)中华羊茅种子为研究材料,研究其水引发后,在NaCl胁迫条件下的萌发情况。结果表明,NaCl胁迫显著降低中华羊茅种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、胚芽长、胚根长和干重。除对照处理外,相对于不带内生真菌的中华羊茅种子,内生真菌能显著提高不同NaCl浓度胁迫条件下中华羊茅种子的萌发力及幼苗生长。水引发与内生真菌可产生互作,在引发时间为20 min时与内生真菌的互作效果最为明显,在不同NaCl浓度胁迫下中华羊茅种子各萌发指标及幼苗生长情况均显著高于其他处理。在对各指标的相关性分析显示,中华羊茅种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、胚芽长、胚根长和干重相互之间均呈极显著正相关。     

硅对盐胁迫下葡萄幼苗生理效应的影响

以酿酒葡萄"赤霞殊"(Cabernet Sauvignon,CS)1年生扦插苗为试材,采用营养液水培系统,研究了根施外源硅(K2SiO3·9H2O,Si)对盐(50 mmol/L NaCl)胁迫下赤霞珠葡萄幼苗叶片生理生化特性的影响.结果表明:盐胁迫处理下,葡萄幼苗叶片超氧阴离子(O2-')产生速率加快,过氧化氢(H2O2)、丙二醛(MDA)含量和相对膜透性增加;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD),过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性增强;组织含水量降低;施用2.0mmol/L Si明显抑制了O2-、H2O2和MDA的积累,增加了组织含水量,并进一步提高了抗氧化酶SOD和POD的活性.说明外源Si可通过提高盐胁迫下葡萄幼苗体内的抗氧化酶活性,从而降低活性氧(ROS)水平,一定程度上减轻盐胁迫对植株所造成的细胞膜脂过氧化伤害,增强其耐盐性.