Distribution and biodiversity of soybean rhizobia in the soils of Shennongjia forest reserve,China

Soil samples were collected at an altitude of 500, 1,060, 1,500, 1,950, 2,400 and 3,100 m, respectively, from Shennongjia, a forest reserve in Hubei province (central China). Their corresponding pHs were 5.50, 4.91, 5.64, 5.28, 5.49 and 4.60. By using a plant trap method, a total of 25 soybean rhizobia were isolated from the soil above an altitude of 1,500 m and all identified to be Sinorhizobium fredii. Their genetic biodiversity was characterized by 16S–23S rDNA internally transcribed spacer (ITS) region polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and random amplification DNA (RAPD) analysis. All the tested strains produced a 2.1 kb 16S–23S rDNA ITS fragment. After digestion with three restriction endonucleases (HaeIII, MspI and CfoI), respectively, great variations in 16S–23S rDNA ITS PCR-RFLP patterns were observed. The tested strains could be differentiated into 11 ITS genotypes. The genotypes of rhizobia were not related to geographical location. Twelve primers were applied to RAPD analysis and a dendrogram was obtained, showing that all the strains (including reference strain S. fredii USDA205) were divided into two diverging groups. Moreover, each group could be further divided into two subgroups. Both RAPD and 16S–23S rDNA ITS PCR-RFLP analysis indicated that a high degree of genetic diversity existed among S. fredii strains isolated from Shennongjia virgin soils. Since Shennongjia is an unexploited forest region in central China and the gene centre of soybean is located in China, the symbiotic genes harboured by these strains may be of great importance and the rich diversity of these strains might contribute to the adaptation of soybean to an alpine environment.     

Arthroscopically‐assisted removal of an osteochondral fragment from the equine elbow using a caudo‐medial approach

An 8‐year‐old Polo pony mare was admitted for investigation of lameness related to swelling of the elbow. An intra‐articular fragment from the proximo‐medial radius was identified on radiographic examination. The fragment was removed arthroscopically under general anaesthesia via a caudo‐medial approach to the elbow joint.     

Effects of habitat fragmentation on Eurasian red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) in a forest landscape

We studied the effects of habitat fragmentation, measured as forest stand size and isolation, on the distribution of Eurasian red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris). Squirrel density was surveyed during four years in 46 forest stands (0.1–500 ha) in a forest landscape in south-central Sweden. The only factor that significantly influenced a density index was the proportion of spruce within a habitat fragment. Neither fragment size nor degree of isolation were significant. Furthermore, none of the interactions with year were significant, suggesting the same pattern in all four years. Thus, the effect of habitat fragmentation in this study seems to be only pure habitat loss, i.e. halving the proportion of preferred habitat in the landscape should result in a halving of the red squirrel population. Therefore, the landscape can be viewed as functionally continuous for the squirrels, although the preferred habitat was divided into fragments. The most likely explanation for the difference between this study and other studies on squirrels that found effects due to habitat fragmentation is a combination of shorter distances and less hostile surroundings in our study area. To identify landscape effects requires multiple studies because single studies usually consider only one landscape.     

小菜蛾细胞色素P450基因的cDNA片段克隆及其序列分析

以小菜蛾[Plutella xylostella(L.)]3龄幼虫(对氰戊菊酯的LC50为38.75 mg/L)的总RNA为模板,利用简并引物,采用反转录-多聚酶链式反应(RT-PCR)方法扩增出1个长度为240 bp的cDNA片段。序列分析结果表明,扩增出的cDNA片段与细胞色素P450的Cyp6基因有较高的同源性。     

Perspective: present pesticide discovery paradigms promote the evolution of resistance – learn from nature and prioritize multi‐target site inhibitor design

For many years, the emphasis of industry discovery programs has been on finding new target sites of pesticides and finding pesticides that inhibit single targets. There had been an emphasis on genomics in finding single targets for potential pesticides. There is also the claim that registration of single target inhibiting pesticides is simpler if the mode of action is known. Conversely, if one looks at the evolution of resistance from an epidemiological perspective to ascertain which pesticides have been the most recalcitrant to evolutionary forces, it is those that have multiple target sites of action. Non‐target‐site resistances can evolve to multi‐target‐site inhibitors, but these resistances can often be overcome by structural modification of the pesticide. Industry has looked at pest‐toxic natural products as pesticide leads, but seems to have abandoned those where they can find no single target of action. Perhaps nature has been intelligent and evolved many natural products that are synergistic multi‐target‐site inhibitors, and that is why natural compounds have been active for millennia? We should be learning from nature while combining new chemistry technologies with vast accrued databases and computer aided design allowing fragment‐based discovery and scaffold hopping to produce multi‐target site inhibitors instead of single target pesticides. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry     

牛场肥水灌溉冬小麦对不同土层中氨氧化细菌群落多样性的影响

以河北省徐水县长期定位试验田为试验对象,利用末端限制性酶切片段多态性分析(T-RFLP)与构建氨单加氧酶基因(amo A)克隆文库的方法,探究了不同灌溉制度(CK:清水灌溉;CF:无机肥灌溉;T1、T2、T3、T4、T5、T6:不同浓度的牛场肥水灌溉)下,0~20 cm与20~40 cm两个土层中氨氧化细菌(Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria,AOB)的群落结构和多样性。根据AOB的末端限制性酶切片段多态性结果显示,在两个不同的土层中,T1处理(N 105 kg/hm~2,P2O539 kg/hm~2,清水∶沼液=2∶1)的Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou指数均为最高,T4处理(N 420 kg/hm~2,P2O5156kg/hm~2,清水∶沼液=2∶1)的均为最低,且0~20 cm土层的多样性指数比20~40 cm土层的多样性指数高。表明牛场肥水的浓度同为2∶1时,多次灌溉会降低AOB的群落多样性,且表层土的AOB群落多样性要高于深层土的AOB群落多样性。基于amo A基因的系统发育树显示,0~20 cm土层中AOB主要属于亚硝化螺菌属(Nitrosospira)和亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosomanas);20~40 cm土层中AOB则全部属于亚硝化螺菌属(Nitrosospira),说明不同土层之间的氨氧化细菌群落结构存在差异。     

土石混合介质水分入渗特性试验研究

土壤中碎石的存在改变了土壤结构和土壤水分运动规律.为研究碎石含量和碎石粒径对土石混合介质水分入渗特性的影响.利用垂直一维积水入渗试验资料对其进行分析.结果表明:土石混合介质的累积入渗量和湿润锋推进速度均小于细土,碎石含量对累积入渗量和湿润锋的影响存在一个转折点.该转折点因粒级不同而不同;碎石含量对含水量剖面的影响表现为含水量随含石量增加而下降;碎石粒径只对混合介质本身的物理特性有影响,对水分入渗无明显影响.     

一个通用策略用于构建新型T载体及其应用

由于T栽体能够用于PCR产物的快速克隆且易于操作而受到广泛欢迎.通过选择一个大小合适的媒介DNA片段,采用PCR引物设计,在其两端各引入1个XcmI位点,成功构建了1个重组质粒--pBTMCM,该载体能够非常方便地被限制性内切酶XcmI切割后产生T载体.该载体现在已成功应用于结核分枝杆菌H37Rv Rv0006基因的克隆.该策略由于其通用性因而能被广泛应用.     

应用RT-PCR及RFLP技术对鸡传染性支气管炎病毒进行诊断与分型的研究进展

本文概述了近年来国内外应用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ及ＲＦＬＰ技术对对外开放传染性支气管炎病毒（ＩＢＶ）进行诊断与分型的研究进展。介绍以ＩＢＶ通用引物的ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ进行诊断及其应用、型特异引物的ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ及其应用以及ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ结合ＲＦＬＰ分析技术进行分型的应用,而且还展望了这上结技术在临床诊断及分子流行病学研究上的应用前景。     

Genetic diversity in apricot cultivars based on AFLP markers

A set of cultivars used as genitors in apricot breeding programs aimed at introducing sharka resistance were examined by AFLP molecular marker analysis. The markers obtained indicated that apricot cultivars resistant to sharka were related to the European cultivars, but they potentially share a common ancestor donor of sharka outside of the European group. Segregation of AFLP and RAPD markers has been tested in two progenies of two crosses, one between a resistant and a susceptible cultivar and one between two susceptible accessions. The heterozygozity of families obtained from crosses between resistant and susceptible cultivars is similar to those obtained from other self-incompatible Prunus species. On the other hand, heterozygosity of a progeny obtained from a cross between European susceptible cultivars was very low. The usefulness of the information provided by AFLPs for apricot breeding programs is discussed. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.