Molecular marker analysis of genetic variation characterizing a grasspea (Lathyrus sativus) collection from central Italy

Levels of genetic similarity characterizing 20 grasspea (Lathyrus sativus L.) populations collected in central Italy (17 populations in the Marche region and three populations in the Abruzzo region) were analysed with amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) molecular markers. Two main clusters were found: one included large‐seeded populations from farms that were not market‐oriented (named Household populations) and the second, small‐seeded populations, cultivated in market‐oriented farms (named Commercial populations). Relationships among populations collected in different regions were found, although one population of the Abruzzo region was placed between the two main clusters, suggesting a possible further genetic differentiation within this grasspea germplasm collection. Principal component analysis based on AFLP marker frequency was effective in identifying polymorphic markers showing high discriminating ability between clusters H and C. In particular, seven markers showing high positive and three markers with low negative PC1 scores showed an almost cluster‐specific distribution. These results will be useful for enhancing Italian grasspea germplasm use in plant‐breeding programmes and for extending grasspea cultivation within the sustainable agricultural systems of central Italy.     

Eubacterial communities in different soil macroaggregate environments and cropping systems

Different positions within soil macroaggregates, and macroaggregates of different sizes, have different chemical and physical properties which could affect microbial growth and interactions among taxa. The hypothesis that these soil aggregate fractions contain different eubacterial communities was tested using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) of the 16S ribosomal gene. Communities were characterized from two field experiments, located at the Kellogg Biological Station (KBS), MI, USA and the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC), Wooster, OH, USA. Three soil management regimes at each site were sampled and management was found to significantly affect T-RFLP profiles. The soil aggregate erosion (SAE) method was used to isolate aggregate regions (external and internal regions). Differences between eubacterial T-RFLP profiles of aggregate exteriors and interiors were marginally significant at KBS (accounting for 12.5% of total profile variance), and not significant at OARDC. There were no significant differences among macroaggregate size classes at either site. These results are in general agreement with previous studies using molecular methods to examine microbial communities among different soil macroaggregate size fractions, although further study of communities within different aggregate regions is warranted. Analysis of individual macroaggregates revealed large inter-aggregate variability in community structure. Hence the tertiary components of soil structure, e.g. arrangement of aggregates in relation to shoot residue, roots, macropores, etc., may be more important than aggregate size or intra-aggregate regions in the determination of the types of microbial communities present in aggregates. Direct microscopic counts were also used to examine the bacterial population size in aggregate regions at KBS. The proportion of bacterial cells with biovolumes >0.18 μm³ was higher in aggregate interiors than in exteriors, indicating potentially higher activity in that environment. This proportion was significantly related to percent C of the samples, while total bacterial cell counts were not.     

Ectomycorrhizal fungi identification in single and pooled root samples: terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP) and morphotyping compared

We describe here the results of a study conducted to evaluate a terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP) approach targeting rRNA genes for determination of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) communities colonizing the roots of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). Root tips separated from soil cores were classified according to morphological characteristics and DNA was then extracted from each group of morphotyped tips. Labeled primers were used to generate terminal restriction fragments (TRF) for molecular fingerprinting of root colonizing fungi and to determine how well TRFLP could be used to discriminate between ectomycorrhizal types. Morphotypes generally correlated well with specific TRFs and sequence analysis confirmed that TRFs could be used to discriminate among fungal types. Sequence analysis indicated that important ECM fungi including Russulaceae, Thelephorales, and Tricholomataceae could be fingerprinted with TRFLP. In addition, a fixed proportion of the DNA extracted from each morphotype from the same core was used in a pooling experiment used to assess whether previously identified fungal species types could be distinguished from one another within reconstructed communities. Since some morphotypes share TRFs, dual analysis of ITS1 and ITS2 was necessary for accurate fingerprinting of fungal types. Approximately, 5.0±0.3 phylotypes were detected per core with TRFLP-corrected morphotyping as compared to 4.0±0.4 phylotypes using TRFLP on pooled community samples. TRFLP made on experimental sporocarp communities suggested that reduced ECM richness with TRFLP may be partly caused by differences in the amount of DNA available for PCR and primer bias. Nonetheless, TRFLP on pooled morphotypes accounted for more than 93% of colonized root tips. The method can be used to facilitate analysis of mycorrhizal communities using root tips collected from soil cores.     

Using of AFLP Marker to Predict the Hybrid Yield and Yield Heterosis in Rice

利用AFLP分子标记对46个水稻品种进行遗传多样性分析,继而研究分子标记遗传距离与按照NC设计获得的195个杂交组合的产量及特殊配合力的相关性,探讨预测杂种优势的可能性。结果表明:(1)通过UPGMA聚类分析(图3),可将供试材料分为16个类群,并把来源不明的品种(系)划分到相应类群中,从而对这些材料进行初步鉴定。可见,AFLP分子标记是检测类内品种间遗传差异的有效方法,为水稻品种(系)亲本选配提供理论依据。(2)分子标记遗传距离与杂种产量优势、F1产量、特殊配合力之间都呈显著正相关,相关系数介于0.3235-0.7713之间。但相关程度还不足以预测杂种优势。增效座位和减效座位以及使用与杂种优势有关的QTL连锁标记位点可能提高杂种优势的预测能力,但最终解决,将依赖于杂种优势遗传机理的研究。     

利用AFLP分子标记构建杂种葱的遗传图谱

 利用大葱与野葱杂交获得的F2分离群体,通过AFLP分子标记的遗传分析,构建了包含10个连锁群,228个遗传标记的杂种葱较高密度的连锁图谱,该图谱覆盖902.6cM,平均图距为3.95cM。     

细胞壁消化产物对果实细胞乙烯生成的影响

果蔬产品机械伤害是诱发采后乙烯生成并导致果蔬产品迅速衰老、腐烂失去商品价值的重要因素之一.本文探讨了果实细胞壁组织对乙烯生成的影响和原因.实验表明:利用含果胶酶的细胞软化酶消化从苹果果实组织分离出的细胞壁,将消化(水解)产物加入悬浮培养的苹果细胞中能迅速诱导细胞的乙烯生物合成.结果说明由果实伤害所引起细胞壁分解所产生的细胞璧碎片,能迅速诱导果实组织细胞中的乙烯合成.     

我国野生大豆与栽培大豆AFLP指纹图谱研究

 利用 Mse 和 Eco R 酶切 ,筛选了适宜大豆 AFL P指纹分析的引物组合 ,并利用 17对引物组合 ,建立了我国 92份代表性野生大豆和栽培大豆的 AFL P指纹图谱 ,分析了野生大豆与栽培大豆指纹图谱的特点与差别 ,发现了具有大豆种间特异性的带纹 M- CG/E- CGA- 4、M- CG/E- CGA- 12和 M- CGG/E- GGC- 14 ,并探讨了应用 AFL P指纹图谱鉴别野生大豆与栽培大豆种质的可行性     

英文写作中常见语法错误

英语写作一直是学生们比较头疼的问题，本文就英语写作中学生容易犯错的语法、句子结构错误作了归纳。有针对性的给出一些例子，从语法上主谓不一致，结构上的残缺句等做一些分析讲解。     

Myophosphorylase deficiency (glycogen storage disease Type V) in a herd of Charolais cattle in New Zealand: Confirmation by PCR-RFLP testing

AIM: To describe a disease of muscle in Charolais calves and confirm the putative diagnosis of inherited myophosphorylase deficiency.

METHODS: Variously stained paraffin sections of muscle prepared from affected calves were used to describe the lesions. A polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) test was developed and applied to affected calves, their sires, dams and other individuals.

RESULTS: The lesions were those of rhabdomyolysis of skeletal muscles and sub-sarcolemmal spaces in normal fibres. The PCR-RFLP test confirmed the expected mutation for phosphorylase deficiency of Charolais cattle in two affected calves. In addition, sires, dams and other closely-related individuals of four affected calves tested as heterozygous for the mutation. Other apparently unrelated animals also tested as heterozygous.

CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis of myophosphorylase deficiency was confirmed. The PCR-RFLP test is suitable for use in controlling this recessively-inherited disorder as it can diagnose heterozygous individuals that are otherwise clinically normal.