中南某锑矿及其周边农田土壤与植物重金属污染研究

以南方某锑(Sb)矿区周边土壤与植物为研究对象,采集土壤与植物样品,测定其Sb、As、Cd、Zn、Pb浓度,研究土壤和植物中重金属的污染程度及富集特征。结果表明,矿区周边土壤受Sb污染严重,各采样点全量Sb为3.08~219 mg/kg,平均54.0 mg/kg,同时伴有As、Cd、Zn和Pb污染,其中Cd污染相对严重;但土壤中Sb与土壤As、Cd、Zn和Pb没有相关性,土壤As、Cd、Zn和Pb之间呈极显著的线性相关。矿区周边植物同样受到严重的Sb、As、Cd和Pb的污染,蔬菜可食部分Sb最高达2.05 mg/kg,存在较高的人体摄入风险,且蔬菜中As和Pb超标严重。所采集植物中水麻对Sb有较强的积累和转移能力,是修复Sb污染土壤的潜在植物资源。     

Historical change of soil Pb content and Pb isotope signatures of the cultural layers in urban Nanjing

Soils in urban areas are often artificially formed and preserved as cultural layers in which soil materials are mixed with artifacts. The vertical change of soil properties denotes the historical change of human activities, and therefore, urban soil can be considered as a record of history of urban development. We studied a deep profile of urban soil (600 cm) in Nanjing, China, by intensively sampling at every 5 cm. Soil samples were analyzed for lead content. Charcoal from several layers was found and was dated using ¹⁴C to recognize archaeological cultural layers that might be formed in different Chinese dynasties. Pb isotope ratios were determined by thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) technology. The study found that artificial deposition, i.e., the formation of cultural layer started about 1700 years ago and lasted until recently. All cultural layers above the original loess were heavily contaminated by Pb with total content varying from 100 mg kg^− 1 to more than 2000 mg kg^− 1. There were several historical periods in which Pb content peaked, indicating significant contamination by human activities, such as ancient ore smelting for various purposes and use of Pb-containing materials for handicraft manufacture. Various Pb isotope ratios of the cultural layers differed substantially from that of the original undisturbed loess in the deepest position. ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb value decreased gradually from the bottom layer to top layer, although with occasional exceptions, indicating a long-lasting mixing of extraneous sources of Pb during the entire history since ca. 300 A.D. In comparison with the isotope ratios of lead ores of different sources and that of aerosols, it was illustrated that the source of Pb in cultural layers might come from lead ores of southern China in the earlier dynasties, while Pb from north China might have contributed to the Pb source in the more recent years, suggested by the lowering of ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ratio in the near-surface cultural layers. However, the impact of petrol burning on cultural layers was basically excluded, considering the relatively short history of petroleum use in this area.     

Orographic enhancement of wet deposition in the United Kingdom: case studies and modelling

Two field experiments to observe the detailed response of wet deposition to orography in a polluted environment are reported. Rain events were classed as frontal, convective or mixed on the basis of meteorological data. Analysis of the deposition enhancement and cap cloud composition confirmed that for the frontal events the seeder-feeder effect (scavenging of cap cloud by rain drops) dominates. The greater concentration of ions in the water scavenged from the cap cloud than in the rain means that deposition is enhanced for all ions. For marine ions the scavenged water was found to be between five and six times as concentrated as the rain and for anthropogenically produced ions it was about twice as concentrated.A computational model of rainfall incorporating the seeder-feeder effect has been broadly successful in predicting enhancement although some details of the observed pattern remain to be explained.     

安徽省畜禽养殖污染现状及其防治

采用2012年畜禽养殖数据,利用各类畜禽粪便日排泄系数估算畜禽粪便量,在此基础上计算安徽省各地畜禽粪便负荷量和警报值,并对各地畜禽粪便污染现状进行了评价.结果显示,阜阳市产生的粪便及各类污染物居全省首位,合肥市畜禽粪便污染负荷量最高,合肥、宿州、蚌埠和黄山畜禽粪污超过环境预警值,属污染威胁最严重区.该研究可为安徽省畜禽养殖生产布局和环境污染治理提供决策依据.     

河北省重点行业挥发性有机物控制现状及建议

随着河北省经济规模的迅速扩大和城市进程的不断加快,由气溶胶造成的能见度恶化灰霾天气越来越多,挥发性有机物(VOCs)对大气区域灰霾污染的形成具有重要贡献.据估算,河北省VOCs排放总量约34.58万t,其中化学药品原料制造、石油化工、有机化工是河北省VOCs的重点排放行业,分别占总排放量的20.9％、19.8％、18.5％.该研究分析了3个重点行业VOCs的产污环节及产排污现状,调查了VOCs治理技术应用与污染物排放的达标情况以及各类技术的去除效率、适用条件及经济性等,提出合理性建议,为河北省VOCs的管理提供参考建议.     

城市生活垃圾焚烧处理及其污染控制研究

探讨城市生活垃圾焚烧技术的原理、工艺、优缺点及垃圾焚烧工艺主要影响因素,分析城市生活垃圾焚烧的产污环节,提出污染控制的方法和措施,为垃圾焚烧厂的建设提供参考。     

江西省农田重金属污染现状及防治对策研究

近年来,江西省农田土壤重金属污染严重,采矿、畜禽粪便、污水是主要的重金属污染源。笔者分析总结了江西省农田重金属污染的状况、区域特征及其防治中存在的主要问题,并提出了相应的防治对策和建议。     

A Study of Agricultural Tridimension Pollution and Discussion on Its Control

The paper outlines the background of the research on control of agriculture tridimensional pollution and its tendency.The new concept of "agricultural tridimension pollution (ATriP)" with its control theory is initially proposed as a result of continuously increased agricultural pollution within the systems of hydrosphere, pedosphere, biosphere and atmosphere due to improper use of agricultural management measures. Furthermore, the high priority of the next 5-10 years' national research domains and areas, and techniques for strengthening of "ATriP" prevention and control is discussed.     

江阴市耕地重金属污染及其评价

江阴市在2004年对全市耕地和灌溉水的主要污染物质─重金属进行了较为全面的调查,对土壤和灌溉水进行了多种评价分析。结果显示:全市90%以上的耕地安全、清洁,97%以上的耕地没有受到重金属污染。并对调查结果进行了分析,提出了初步的对策与建议。     

粉煤灰在土壤改良和污染治理中研究进展

从粉煤灰理化性质出发,综述了国内外对粉煤灰在土壤改良和污染治理方面的应用。粉煤灰作为土壤改良剂,可以增加土壤容重,提高土壤持水性能和保温能力,调节土壤pH,改善土壤营养状况。在污染治理方面,粉煤灰主要应用于废水处理、重金属钝化和废气滤除。最后,指出粉煤灰在土壤改良和污染治理方面存在的问题和对策。