弧目大蚕蛾卵块空间分布型及其应用研究

用6种聚集度指标对弧目大蚕蛾卵的空间分布状况进行调查与分析,结果表明：（1）该虫卵的空间分布符合负二项分布,其空间图式是聚集的,分布的基本成分是卵块的个体群;（2）最适抽样数N与平均卵密度m及允许误差D的关系为N=（I／O）。[（6．6814／m）＋0．9758]。     

正反转旋耕作业的秸秆混埋效果比较

秸秆混埋是增强土壤碳汇的重要技术途经。为分析和比较正、反转旋耕作业的秸秆混埋效果,进行了正、反转旋耕秸秆混埋对比试验。测取旋耕处理后的地貌形态及秸秆在土壤空间中的分布状况,并使用Pro-E造型展示秸秆的空间分布状况。结果表明三维数字化仪配合虚拟造型技术能够直观反映混埋后秸秆在土壤空间的分布状态。2种旋耕处理方式的地表形态及土壤空间内秸秆分布对比分析表明,正转旋耕的秸秆埋覆率及纵向空间分布总体均匀率优于反转旋耕,而反转旋耕的秸秆在沿土壤深度方向的空间分布均匀率、秸秆-土壤混合效果、耕幅内地表平整度等优于正转旋耕。综合分析表明正转旋耕的秸秆混埋质量略有优势,但具体选择混埋模式时还应考虑田间秸秆残留情况。秸秆量较少时反转旋耕较适宜,反之正转旋耕更好。     

高寒山区地形序列土壤有机碳和无机碳垂直分布特征及其影响因素

地形、生物气候条件具有明显差异的青藏高原约占我国陆地面积的五分之一,开展该地区土壤有机碳和无机碳分布特征的研究对于理解青藏高原土壤碳循环过程与陆地碳库的精确预测以及应对全球气候变化具有重要意义。研究选取位于祁连山中段的阴、阳坡地形序列土壤,分析了不同坡向间以及同一坡向内随海拔高度变化土壤有机碳和无机碳的垂直分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明:阴、阳坡有机碳含量均随土壤深度增加而下降,但阳坡下降的速率(66%~91%)明显高于阴坡(31%~77%);阴坡土壤中碳酸钙基本淋失,通体无机碳含量较低(5.0 g kg-1),阳坡B层土壤无机碳含量是A层的2倍,表现为明显富集。阴坡和阳坡1 m土体总碳密度相当(分别为16.1~33.9 kg m-2和11.8~32.8 kg m-2),其中,阴坡以有机碳为主(占总碳密度的82%~99%),而阳坡有机碳和无机碳密度变化均较大(分别占总碳密度的27%~81%和19%~73%)。因此,坡向是影响高寒山区土壤碳垂直分布和组成的重要因素。此外,降雨量和植被类型对地形序列土壤有机碳和无机碳含量的空间变异也具有重要影响:降雨量每增加1 mm,表层(0~20 cm)土壤有机碳含量增加0.4 g kg-1,而淀积层(40~80 cm)土壤无机碳含量下降0.2 g kg-1;植被类型在一定程度上影响了土壤有机碳的富集程度。本研究揭示了青藏高寒山区土壤碳循环及其碳库预测应充分考虑微地形对坡面尺度下土壤碳垂直分布、碳库组成和空间变异的影响。     

大庆龙凤湿地土壤重金属空间分布特征

对大庆龙凤湿地土壤Cu,Cr,Cd,Zn,Pb和As六种重金属元素的空间分布特征进行了研究.结果表明:湿地土壤表土层(0-10 cm)Cu,Cr,Cd,Zn,Pb和As在水平分布上的变化较大,除Cr和Zn外,Cu,Cd,Pb和As含量均低于松嫩平原土壤重金属含量平均值;在土壤剖面中,Cu,Cr,Cd和As都随着土层深度的增加逐渐减少,而Pb和Zn则是先增加后减少,这与区域内土壤的理化性质、成母土质、岩石风化及淋溶作用有极大的关系.Cu,Cd,Zn,Pb,As五种重金属元素之间,除Cu和As间相关关系不显著外,其余各重金属元素之间均呈极显著的正相关关系,而Cr只与Cu呈显著正相关,与其他各重金属元素之间均未表现出显著的相关性,由此推测Cu,Cd,Zn,Pb,As元素的来源可能相同,且具有一定的共生组合性,而Cr则受湿地周边复杂环境及人为随机因素的影响较大.     

猪、奶牛粪厌氧发酵中Pb的形态转化及其分布特征

畜禽粪便经厌氧发酵后其中的铅（Pb）仍然保留在沼液和沼渣中,阐明此发酵过程中 Pb 的形态转化对沼液和沼渣的后续处理有重要的参考意义。该研究以猪粪和奶牛粪为发酵原料,在中温（37℃±2℃）条件下,采用连续搅拌反应器进行了130 d中试试验,分析了Pb在固相和液相中的分配及其形态转化。研究结果发现：1）与进料相比,猪粪沼液和奶牛粪沼液中总Pb量降低了约70%和19%;2）猪粪沼液和奶牛粪沼液中Pb在液相中的比例为29%和17%,较发酵前降低约17%和58%;3）厌氧发酵后,猪粪沼液中各形态Pb所占比例的大小顺序为：残渣态（35%）>酸溶态/可交换态（34%）>可还原态（24%）>可氧化态（8%）;奶牛粪沼液中为：可还原态（33%）>酸溶态/可交换态（27%）>残渣态（26%）>可氧化态（15%）;4）厌氧发酵后,猪粪沼渣中残渣态和酸溶态/可交换态Pb的比例都极显著增加,奶牛粪沼渣中可氧化态Pb的比例极显著增加。猪粪和奶牛粪厌氧发酵后,适合通过沉淀池或氧化塘削减沼液中的Pb含量;但沼渣中Pb的浓度较大且化学形态发生显著变化,建议还田前进行重金属钝化处理。     

内陆干旱区不同灌溉制度对盐碱地滴灌土壤盐分离子分布的影响

通过田间试验研究覆膜滴灌条件下不同灌溉制度对土壤盐分分布的影响。试验通过控制滴头正下方20 cm处的土壤基质势下限进行灌溉,共设5个水平的土壤基质势处理:-5 kPa(S1)、-10 kPa(S2)、-15 kPa(S3)、-20 kPa(S4)和-25kPa(S5),每个处理重复3次,按随机区组布置。结果表明:不同土壤基质势控制对盐渍土中盐分分布有显著影响,不同土壤盐分离子的分布各不相同。其中Na+与Cl-容易被淋洗,两个生长季后,各处理土壤中Na+与Cl-含量有显著降低,并且土壤基质势控制越高淋洗效果越好。SO42-与HCO3-的淋洗效果主要受离子浓度影响,第一年淋洗效果较第二年明显。Mg2+与Ca2+不易随水移动,各处理无明显差异。经过两个生长季的灌溉淋洗,各处理土壤SAR值与全盐含量均有显著降低,根区内SAR值与全盐含量的降低幅度均在50%以上。研究结果对内陆干旱区盐碱地水盐调控和灌溉制度的制定具有理论意义和应用价值。     

保水剂对风沙土水分垂直入渗和含水量的影响

使用保水剂是有效利用和改良风沙土的重要途径。通过研究垂直入渗率、累积入渗量、渗吸持续时间、渗透系数4项入渗特征量以说明在5-7cm深度处层施保水剂对于风沙土水分垂直入渗的影响,测定入渗结束后土壤各层含水量以研究受试体系的水分垂直分布。结果表明,试验处理可使垂直入渗率在各时间点有不同程度减小,有3种保水剂处理累积入渗量均增加了42%左右(1%处理),渗吸持续时间增长了134%~390%,渗透系数减小了65%~85%,且4种变化趋势均随保水剂用量的增加而加剧。入渗结束后土壤水分垂直分布也发生明显变化：保水剂-土壤混合层含水量上升52%~178%,上层土壤含水量明显增加但下层土壤略微降低。研究表明,保水剂对风沙土水分垂直入渗和含水量影响十分明显。     

水产种质资源地理信息系统设计与实观

水产种质资源地理信息系统是为了实现水产种质资源数据共享而开发的一个C/S模式共享平台。采用VB＋MapX的二次开发方式，实现了空间数据与属性数据互相查询、数据管理以及报表输出等功能，另外还绘制了水产物种地理的分布图和水系分布图。     

A new approach for modelling vertical stress distribution at the soil/tyre interface to predict the compaction of cultivated soils by using the PLAXIS code

Soil compaction by agricultural machines can have adverse effects on crop production and the environment. Different models based on the Finite Element Method have been proposed to calculate soil compaction intensity as a function of vehicle and soil properties. One problem when modelling soil compaction due to traffic is the estimation of vertical stress distribution at the soil surface, as the vertical stress is inhomogeneous (non-uniform) and depends on soil and tyre properties. However, uniform stress distribution at the soil/tyre interface is used to predict the compaction of cultivated soils in most FEM compaction models. We propose a new approach to numerically model vertical stress distribution perpendicular to the driving direction at the soil/tyre interface, employing the FEM models of PLAXIS code. The approach consists of a beam (characterised by its geometric dimensions and flexural rigidity) introduced at the soil surface and loaded with a uniform stress with the aim to simulate the action of a wheel at the soil surface. Different shapes of stress distribution are then obtained numerically at the soil surface by varying the flexural rigidity of the beam and the mechanical parameters of the soil. PLAXIS simulations show that the soil type (soil texture) modifies the shape of the stress distribution at the edges of the contact interface: a parabolic form is obtained for sand, whereas a U-shaped is obtained for clay. The flexural rigidity of the beam changes the shape of distribution which varies from a homogenous (uniform) to an inhomogeneous distribution (parabolic or U-shaped distribution). These results agree with the measurements of stress distributions for different soils in the literature. We compared simulations of bulk density using PLAXIS to measurement data from compaction tests on a loamy soil. The results show that simulations are improved when using a U-shaped vertical stress distribution which replaces a homogenous one. Therefore, the use of a beam (cylinder) with various flexural rigidities at the soil surface can be used to generate the appropriate distribution of vertical stress for soil compaction modelling during traffic.     

Modeling vertical movement of organic matter in a soil incubated for 41 years with C labeled straw

The distribution of organic matter (OM) in the soil profile reflects the balance between inputs and decomposition at different depths as well as transport of OM within the profile. In this study we modeled movement of OM in the soil profile as a result of mechanisms resulting in dispersive and advective movement. The model was used to interpret the distribution of ¹⁴C in the soil profile 41 years after the labeling event. The model fitted the observed distribution of ¹⁴C well (R²=0.988, AIC_c=−82.6), with a dispersion constant of D=0.71 cm² yr⁻¹ and an advection constant of v=0.0081 cm yr⁻¹. However, the model consistently underestimated the amount of OM in the soil layers from 27 to 37 cm depth. A possible explanation for this is that different fractions of OM are transported by different mechanisms. For example, particulate OM, organomineral colloids and dissolved OM are not likely to be transported by the same mechanisms. A model with two OM fractions, one moving exclusively by dispersive processes (D=0.26 cm² yr⁻¹) and another moving by both dispersive (D=0.99 cm² yr⁻¹) and advective (v=0.23 cm yr⁻¹) processes provided a slightly better fit to the data (R²=0.995, AIC_c=−83.6). More importantly, however, this model did not show the consistent underestimation from 27 to 37 cm soil depth. This corroborates the assumption that differing movement mechanisms for different OM fractions are responsible for the observed distribution of ¹⁴C in the profile. However, varying dispersion, advection, and decay of OM with depth are also possible explanations.