Historical spatial baselines in conservation and management of marine resources

Increased knowledge on the spatial distribution of marine resources is crucial for the implementation of a true ecosystem approach to management and the conservation of marine organisms. For exploited fish species characterized by aggregation behaviour during spawning time, the identification and tracking of spawning areas is essential for a correct assessment of their productivity and population abundance. To elucidate this concept, we reconstructed the spatio‐temporal distribution of adult plaice (Pleuronectes platessa, Pleuronectidae) during spawning time along the 20^th century. Historical data reveal that not only the abundance but also the former population richness was much higher than previously estimated and has declined because of protracted over‐exploitation during the last 30 years. We conclude that forecast of stock recovery to former levels of abundance neglecting spatial reorganizations might be over‐optimistic and shaded by a lost memory of the past population richness. These results reinforce the importance of managing exploited marine resources at a greater spatial resolution than has been carried out in the history of fishery management.     

Natural and artificially-induced habitat complexity and freshwater fish species composition

Abstract  The effects of habitat complexity, induced by construction of artificial reefs, on the fish assemblages in the Barra Bonita reservoir, Brazil, and in the lotic zone immediately below the dam were studied. Four artificial reefs were constructed in each habitat at variable distances from the shore. Multiple correspondence analysis showed that the factors distance from the shore and type of habitat were determinants for the group formation, and artificial reefs had a lesser effect. Fish species composition was about the same at locations with and without reefs.     

Application of Azotobacter enhances pond productivity and fish biomass in still water ponds

Two strains (derepressed-nitrogen fixing, Mac-27 and phosphate solubilizing, PS-21) of Azotobacter chroococcum were inoculated in fish culture ponds, singly and in combination with inorganic fertilizers (urea, single superphosphate–SSP). Physico-chemical parameters of pond waters, plankton production and fish biomass were studied. Inoculation of A. chroococcum (Mac-27) enhanced nitrogenase activity and rate of nitrogen fixation. A slight reduction in nitrogen fixation and nitrogenase activity was noticed when urea at 96 kg ha–1 y–1 was mixed with the biofertilizer (Mac-27). Inoculation of PS-21 enhanced phosphate solubilization, but Kjeldahl-nitrogen concentration values remained low in comparison with controls. On the other hand, inoculation of Azotobacter (either strain) enhanced the accumulation of ammonium-N, nitrite-N and nitrate-N. A significant (p < 0.05) reduction in dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration also took place when Azotobacter (both Mac-27 and PS-21) was inoculated in fish ponds. However, when used along with inorganic fertilizers, the reduction was not significant. The pH values were only slightly lowered when the phosphate-solubilizing strain (PS-21) of Azotobacter was inoculated. Inoculation of biofertilizer enhanced plankton production, net primary productivity and fish biomass. However, highest values in most of these parameters were noticed only in ponds that were treated with the higher doses of inorganic fertilizers (urea 192 kg and SSP 1500 kg ha–1 y–1). © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998     

三沙湾海域化学需氧量（COD）分布特征及相关性分析

2012年5月和11月对三沙湾海域水质化学需氧量( COD)进行大面积调查研究,结果表明,2012年三沙湾海域COD含量变化范围为0．52~2．13 mg/L,平均含量为0．94 mg/L;水平分布特征呈西北侧向东南水域逐渐递减的趋势,白马港海域COD含量最高;秋季高于春季;平均COD含量能达到一类海水水质标准要求;化学需氧量与活性硅酸盐、无机氮、总氮及悬浮物呈极显著正相关;与pH值、盐度呈极显著负相关。     

福建海区浮游动物种类组成及数量分布特点

根据2003～2004年福建海区春季和夏季2个季度月浮游动物调查资料,分析和研究该调查海区浮游动物种类组成和数量分布特点。结果表明:浮游动物经鉴定共有226种,其中桡足类114种,占总种数的50.4%,以广盐高盐亚热带和热带种为主。浮游动物总生物量分布夏季比春季高,春季平均值为90.3mg·m-3,夏季为150.8mg·m-3,春季总生物量呈现由北向南递减,以闽东渔场最高,闽中渔期次之,闽南台湾浅滩渔场最低,密集区不明显,夏季则相反,随着暖流势力的增强,闽中、闽南台湾浅滩总生物量明显增加,以闽南台湾浅滩最高,且密集区明显;在调查海区总生物量起主导作用的优势种为普通波水蚤、锥形宽水蚤、微陀隆哲水蚤、亚强真哲水蚤,其密集区基本上是各种作业的主要渔场,与历史资料和邻近海域相比较,一直保持优势种地位有普通波水蚤、亚强真哲水蚤等,生物密集区基本相同。     

通过小型探鱼无人船探测大型围网养殖区大黄鱼的分布特性

为了明确大黄鱼在大型围网养殖区内的分布规律,实验通过集成、构建具备大黄鱼探测以及水温、盐度、光照、pH、溶解氧等海洋环境探测功能的小型探鱼无人船,并在浙江省舟山市桃花岛大黄鱼围网养殖基地内开展了6次现场监测。结果发现,(1)在水平范围,大黄鱼主要分布在大型围网养殖区内礁石丰富且水流相对较缓的区域;(2)在垂直范围,大黄鱼主要分布在加权相对深度0.6～0.9的养殖海区中下层;(3)围网养殖海区内温度、盐度、pH、溶解氧等海洋环境条件整体变化较小,大黄鱼往往分布在光照强度分别为(5 921±2 702)、(50 799±50 988)、(5 990±542)、(3 494±695)、(6 836±4 761)及(15 395±5 531)lx等相对较弱的区域。本实验首次通过小型探鱼无人船系统研究了围网养殖区内大黄鱼的分布特性及相应的海洋环境因子对其分布的影响,结果为大黄鱼围网养殖区的操作平台选址、投喂管理、起网设计等提供了依据。     

中国明对虾组织蛋白酶L 的原核重组表达及其组织分布

组织蛋白酶L属于半胱氨酸蛋白酶中的木瓜蛋白酶超家族,在哺乳动物中它与抗原提呈、肿瘤入侵和转移、骨质吸收、细胞凋亡等许多生命活动有关。但对其在无脊椎动物中的功能了解的不多。从中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)中克隆得到了组织蛋白酶L基因,为了进一步研究组织蛋白酶L的组织分布及其功能,对该基因进行了重组表达。将中国明对虾组织蛋白酶L基因的酶原片段亚克隆进原核表达载体pET30a中,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),再进行诱导表达,表达产物经SDS-PAGE电泳检测,其分子量在40kD左右,与期望的中国明对虾组织蛋白酶L的分子量一致。表达产物形成包涵体,经过对包涵体变性和复性,并进行His-tag柱亲和纯化,得到了纯化的蛋白。利用重组蛋白制备了的兔抗血清。Western实验表明,组织蛋白酶L在中国明对虾的肝、胃、肠中有表达,而在卵巢中没有表达。     

1989—2010年广东沿海牡蛎体内锌的时空分布特征与污染水平分析

根据历史和调查资料,对1989—2010年广东沿海牡蛎体内锌(Zn)的时空分布特征和污染水平进行了分析与比较。结果表明,牡蛎体内Zn的浓度总平均值为211.5 mg/kg,从总体看其浓度出现频率呈对数正态分布。在时间上,牡蛎体内Zn总体平均浓度的分布呈阶段性变化,具体表现为1989—2007年Zn的浓度呈微弱降低的趋势,基本维持在197.0 mg/kg的水平;2007—2009年牡蛎体内Zn的浓度有明显升高的趋势,之后Zn的浓度有所降低。在空间上,粤东和粤西沿海牡蛎体内Zn浓度的变化均呈先降低后增加的趋势,且基本与广东沿海牡蛎体Zn平均浓度的变化趋势相同,而珠江口牡蛎体Zn的浓度水平相对较高并表现出趋于稳定的变化规律。单因子指数和非致癌性风险指数评价结果均表明,牡蛎体内Zn的总体不存在明显的污染,但从当前保护环境角度应当尽快设立我国水产品中Zn含量的限定标准。     

杭州湾南岸滩涂贝类养殖环境中微生物数量分布及其类群

研究了杭州湾南岸慈溪滩涂贝类养殖区的微生物在水平、垂直及季节变化的分布规律。结果表明:3个采样区的异养细菌的数量变动在1.62×103~6.62×105cfu.g-1之间,平均值为4.28×104cfu.g-1,细菌数量在春季和夏季的数量偏低,10月份异养细菌的数量开始上升,并于11月份达到最高,表层高于底层;其中以革兰氏阳性菌比例最高,为主要的优势种,具有陆源性特点。各站位反硝化细菌、氨化细菌和硫酸还原菌的检出率均为100%,都维持在一个较高的水平,整体上数量具有表层高于底层的特点,3种微生物在数量上的季节演替与异养细菌具有类似的结果,均为10-11月达到最大。     

大鲵蛙病毒感染大鲵的动态病理损伤及病原的组织分布

本研究旨在观察大鲵在大鲵蛙病毒(Chinese giant salamander ranavirus,CGSRV)感染过程中组织的动态病理损伤,同时定量检测CGSRV在组织中的动态分布。对大鲵腹腔注射1.0×106.5 TCID50/m L的CGSRV进行人工感染,在感染的0d,3d,5d,7d,9d,13d,16d随机采集3尾,取肝、肾、脾、肺、肠、皮肤、肌肉、脑、心脏和胃等组织,石蜡切片和HE染色对CGSRV感染大鲵的病理损伤过程进行观察,采用SYBR Green q PCR技术对病毒在组织中的动态分布进行定量研究。组织病理结果表明,CGSRV感染导致大鲵多组织器官损伤,其中肝、脾、肾和皮肤肌肉病变严重,为损伤靶器官,且在一些损伤的细胞内见嗜碱性或嗜酸性包涵体。感染后3d肝细胞与肾小管上皮细胞变性,肾间以及肝小叶中央静脉周围淋巴细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞浸润;感染后5~7d实质性器官变性、坏死,炎症加重,胃肠道呈卡他性炎。感染后9d表皮细胞坏死、脱落,肌纤维变性、坏死。感染后13~16d肝出现广泛变性、坏死与炎症,脾淋巴细胞数量显著减少,肾小球渗出性-坏死性炎,皮肤肌肉呈出血性坏死性炎和实质性心肌炎。SYBR Green qPCR结果显示,整个感染进程中各组织CGSRV含量呈上升趋势,不同组织中病毒量为2.36×103~1.84×109 copy/mg组织,其中肺、肠、肝、脾、肾和皮肤肌肉含量高,表明CGSRV具有广泛的组织分布特征,但肝、脾、肾、皮肤肌肉为其复制和损伤的靶器官,且病毒分布量与病理损伤程度呈正相关。