The effects of long-term conservation tillage, crop residues and P fertilizer on soil conditions and responses of summer and winter crops on an Andosol in Japan

A field experiment was conducted from 1983 to 1992 in Tsukuba, Japan to investigate the effects of tillage on soil conditions and crop growth in a light-colored Andosol. Three tillage methods (NT: no-tillage, RT: no-tillage for summer cropping and moldboard plowing for winter cropping, and CT: conventional rotary tillage to a depth of 15 cm) were employed in combination with crop residue application (+R, −R) and fused magnesium phosphate (FMP) fertilization (+P, −P). Under the combination of NT and +R, diurnal variation of soil temperature at a depth of 5 cm was smaller during the summer cropping season and soil temperature in the daytime was lower during the winter cropping season than under CT. Soil inorganic N concentration at a depth of 0–30 cm was +R > −R and NT > RT > CT. The early growth of summer crops was accelerated under NT in comparison with CT, and yields were higher under NT and RT in comparison with CT. On the other hand, winter crop yields were significantly reduced under NT, while they were still higher under RT in comparison with CT. Yields were higher with +R and +P application, respectively, and these effects were more pronounced in winter cropping. The positive effect of FMP fertilization was greater in combination with NT, and that of residue treatment was greater in combination with RT and NT than with CT. In conclusion, the best tillage practice for Andosols on the Kanto Plain is RT, i.e. a combination of NT for summer cropping and CT for winter cropping. The application of NT for winter cropping is not recommended, although the application of phosphate and crop residues could reduce the risk of yield reduction, because of improved soil nutrient status and moderation of diurnal soil temperature.     

磷素对高硼土壤小麦生长的影响

为减轻高硼(B)对小麦的毒害作用,研究了不同土壤B浓度下磷(P)素对小麦生长的影响。结果表明,增施P素能减轻小麦B毒害症状,小麦平均黄叶率由9.95%降至7.60%;促进小麦生长,B浓度为50mg/kg时,小麦根系和地上部分生物量分别增加44.9%和11.72%,30cm以下土层根系平均增加2.1%,促进了小麦对深层养分和水分的利用。     

磷胁迫下蔗糖对水稻苗期根适应性和磷酸转运蛋白基因表达的影响

磷是植物生长和发育中最重要的必须元素之一。尽管土壤中磷资源很丰富,但大部分磷是以植物不能吸收利用的固定态和有机态存在,特别是以酸性土壤为主的南方稻田,水稻缺磷现象非常严重。理解和掌握水稻对低磷的适应机制有助于利用分子手段培育磷高效利用水稻品种。为阐明蔗糖提高水稻耐低磷的机制,本研究对水稻幼苗进行不同磷、糖处理,分析水稻幼苗在不同磷糖配比培养基中的根系结构、无机磷、酸性磷酸酶活性的变化,并利用定量RT-PCR技术分析水稻磷酸转运蛋白基因(OsPT)和酸性磷酸酶基因(OsSAP1)的表达。试验设2个磷浓度:无磷和85 mg·L?1KH2PO4,2个蔗糖浓度:无糖和3%蔗糖,正交设计。结果表明,在低磷胁迫时添加蔗糖,能使水稻幼苗的根总长度、总根数、根冠比显著增加,根分泌的酸性磷酸酶活性降低,但水稻体内的磷酸转运酶活性提高。11个与磷具有高度亲和力的磷酸转运酶的表达发生了改变,其中根优势表达的4个基因OsPT2、OsPT3、OsPT4、OsPT6对磷、糖的影响最为敏感,暗示了蔗糖是通过调节磷转运蛋白维持磷的吸收和平衡。增加根系的蔗糖分配能够提高水稻幼苗对磷胁迫的耐受性。     

土壤磷扩散规律及其能量特征的研究──Ⅰ．水分、质地、温度及其相互作用对磷扩散的影响

用＾３２Ｐ示踪扩散池和扩散管法测定了４种不同质地土壤在不同含水量和温度下的磷自扩散系数。结果表明，非饱和土壤磷扩散系数随土壤水分含量增加或土壤水吸力减小而增大，符合幂函 数Ｄａ＝ａＷ＾ｂ＝ａＳ＾－ｂ关系；质地对磷扩散的影响与土壤水分条件密切相关，在同一含水量下，轻质土壤Ｄａ值大于粘质土，Ｄａ与粘粒含量呈显著负相关，而同吸力下与此恰好相反。饱和土壤磷扩散系数比Ｄａ值通常大２－３个数量级，但不同土壤之     

不同磷肥处理对西南丘陵区小麦/玉米间套体系中小麦生长动态的影响

[目的]研究不同磷肥处理对西南丘陵区小麦/玉米间套体系中小麦生长动态的影响。[方法]该试验采用田间区组试验,以小麦/玉米间套体系为对象,小麦、玉米分别设置5个供磷水平。[结果]小麦的分蘖数、株高、产量构成随着施磷量的增加均呈增加趋势,在施磷135 kg/hm2处理时达到最大值,随后再继续增施磷肥,无论分蘖数、株高还是产量构成数据均显著降低。[结论]磷肥的施用在一定范围内有助于小麦的生长,超出范围反而会影响最终产量。     

江汉平原玉米施用磷肥效果研究

在江汉平原布置3个玉米磷肥用量试验,以确定该地区种植玉米施磷效果和适宜的磷肥用量.结果表明,施用磷肥能明显增加玉米叶片数和株高,在不同磷肥用量时3个试验点的子粒最大增产幅度分别为15.4%、18.8%和39.9%,磷增产效果显著.结果还显示,磷肥对子粒的增产作用大于其它部分,足量磷肥施用有助于子粒产量的形成.磷肥施用能有效地提高经济收益,施磷处理的产投比均＞2.0,表明江汉平原玉米施磷是增加收入的有效措施.磷肥用量结果表明,第一个和第三个试验点在施磷(P₂O₅)     

磷酸一钙施用模式对水稻有效性及土壤中有效磷分布的影响

利用温室盆栽试验研究了磷酸一钙不同施用模式对水稻的有效性及土壤中有效磷(P)分布的影响,并提出了水田中P肥的施用模式。结果表明:P肥撒施时,表层水中总P浓度最高,达4.8mg/L,而其他施肥模式下表层水中总P浓度可满足GB3838-2002Ⅲ类水水质要求;混施可为水稻提供立体的吸收空间,有效性高;沟施时,肥料P主要集中在施肥带上下约3cm的范围内;在水田中,施用P肥时应优先考虑混施,若土壤中P素有效性相对较高,应尽量在旱作时施用。     

Phosphorus removal in a marine prototype, recirculating aquaculture system

Phosphorus dynamics were examined in a prototype, zero-discharge, marine-recirculating system. Operation of the system without discharge of water and sludge was enabled by recirculation of effluent water through two separate treatment loops. Surface water from the fish basin was pumped over a trickling filter in one loop, while bottom-water was recirculated through a sedimentation basin followed by a fluidized bed reactor in the other treatment loop. Ammonia oxidation to nitrate in the trickling filter and organic matter digestion together with nitrate reduction in the sedimentation basin and fluidized bed reactor were the main biological features of this treatment system. Orthophosphate concentrations did not exceed 15 mg PO₄–P/l in the culture water during more than 1 year of system operation. Much of the phosphorus was retained within the sedimentation basin and fluidized bed reactor. In these treatment stages, the phosphorus content of organic matter was as high as 17.5% and 19%, respectively. High concentrations of total phosphorus and low concentrations of soluble orthophosphate were measured in the initial stages of sedimentation under oxic and anoxic conditions, suggesting that most of the phosphorus was associated with organic matter. Depletion of oxygen and nitrate in the sludge layers of the sedimentation basin coincided with sulfate reduction to sulfide and a release of soluble orthophosphate. The observed phosphorus dynamics in this marine system supported findings from previous studies in which it was demonstrated that denitrifiers underlie phosphorus immobilization under these conditions.     

不同有机肥和磷肥施用量对直缘乌头产量的影响

目的:研究有机肥和磷肥不同梯度施肥水平对直缘乌头产量的影响。方法:采用单因素随机设计研究有机肥和磷肥对直缘乌头块根商品产量、苗块根产量及总产量的影响。结果:直缘乌头商品块根产量与有机肥施用量呈正相关关系,有机肥施用量高于2 00kg/667m2对苗块根的产生没有显著差异,在中等以下的土壤肥力条件下,有机肥最佳施用量为3 00kg/667m2。直缘乌头栽培对磷肥较为敏感,过量磷肥易对商品块根的生长可产生肥害,磷肥最佳施用量为30kg/667m2。结论:施用适量的有机肥和磷肥可显著提高直缘乌头产量。     

Factors related to iron uptake by dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants. II. The reduction of Fe3+ as influenced by roots and inhibitors

In a companion paper (10), varieties of four plant species [two monocotyledons (oats and corn) and two dicotyledons (soybeans and tomato)] were shown to differ widely in their ability to respond to Fe‐stress. The ability of the more Fe‐efficient varieties was manifested by a lowering of the pH of the ambient medium of the root and/or by loss of reductants from the root. Both effects can enhance uptake of Fe by the roots, since Fe is taken up primarily, if not entirely, as Fe²⁺ ions. Thus, a given stressed plant has a means, under some degree of metabolic control, for modifying the root environment and, thereby, alleviating its chlorotic condition.

The present investigation deals with environmental factors, particularly chemical inhibitors, modifying the effectiveness of the stress response. Without inhibitors, excised root samples of the four species exhibited a wide range of abilities to reduce Fe³⁺ to Fe²⁺. Roots of the dicotyledonous species reduced about twice as much Fe³⁺ as did equal weights of the monocotyledonous species. Iron‐efficient tomato, soybean, and oat roots reduced more Fe³⁺ than did roots of the Fe‐inefficient varieties. The two corn varieties were about equal in their effectiveness.

Comparable samples of roots were also exposed to chemicals that induce or aggravate Fe chlorosis. Those found to be very effective inhibitors of Fe³⁺ reduction by the roots included: hydroxide, orthophosphate, pyrophosphate, Cu²⁺ and Ni²⁺. Other ions (includ ing Mn²⁺, Zn²⁺ and molybdate) and ethyl ammonium phosphate also inhibited Fe³⁺ reduction but to a lesser degree. Citrate, however, enhanced Fe³⁺ reduction. The degree of inhibition or enhancement differed for each of the varieties. In general, the Fe‐efficient plants were best able to reduce Fe³⁺ in spite of the inhibitory influence of the imposed treatments. Thus, our findings indicated that inhibition of the Fe³⁺ ‐reduction process at, or near, the periphery of the root is an apparent cause of Fe chlorosis.