克隆植物苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因通用引物的发掘与应用

根据松树、咖啡、山茶、鳄梨和白杨PAL基因第2外显子的保守区段,设计了1对简并引物。以该引物对88种植物的基因组DNA进行了PCR扩增。结果发现,每种植物中都能扩增出介于750～1 000 bp的特异片段。随机选取银杏、夹竹桃、核桃、海桐和盘槐的PCR扩增产物进行测序分析,发现其大小分别为862 bp、866 bp、866 bp、866 bp和865 bp。使用生物信息学进行进化树分析,所克隆的5种植物的特异片段与其亲缘关系密切的物种PAL高度同源,初步证实了这些片段是银杏、夹竹桃、核桃、海桐和盘槐的PAL基因。因此,本研究开发的PAL基因简并引物,可以克隆任意植物的PAL基因。     

辣椒素生物合成途径基因pal克隆及原核表达分析

以辣椒品种"益都红"胎座RNA反转录的cDNA为模板,根据pal基因保守序列设计引物,PCR扩增得到1条全长2157bp的目的片段。该基因包含有完整的开放阅读框架,编码718个氨基酸,预测的分子质量为73ku。与多种植物PAL的氨基酸序列有一定的同源性,其中与同科同属植物朝天椒的同源性最高。应用分子克隆的方法成功地构建了pET-32a-pal重组表达质粒,优化得到诱导表达的最佳条件为:IPTG0.3mmol·L-1,温度28℃,时间6h,经SDS-PAGE检测6×His-PAL在E.coli中得到了高效表达,重组蛋白分子质量约为93ku。因此,该基因的克隆与原核表达为深入研究辣椒PAL的基因结构、生物活性、表达调控机制以及辣椒素的生物合成机制奠定了重要基础。     

鸭梨PAL克隆及其在果实发育和机械伤害过程中的表达

【目的】克隆鸭梨苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因（PAL）序列,并分析其在果实发育阶段和机械伤害时的表达模式,为研究鸭梨褐变机制提供理论依据。【方法】采用同源克隆方法,获得鸭梨PAL全长序列;利用在线生物信息学软件对其进行分析;采用MEGA 5.1软件构建PAL蛋白系统进化树;利用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析PAL在鸭梨果实发育阶段及受机械伤害过程中的表达。【结果】在鸭梨中获得了2个含完整CDS区的PAL,分别命名为PbPAL1和PbPAL2。PbPAL1 cDNA序列全长为2 232 bp,含2 160 bp完整开放阅读框、60 bp的5′非翻译区及12 bp的3′非翻译区,GenBank登录号为GU906268.1;PbPAL2 cDNA序列全长为2 387 bp,含2 163 bp完整开放阅读框、14 bp的5′非翻译区及210 bp的3′非翻译区,GenBank登录号为GU906269.1。系统进化分析表明PbPAL1和PbPAL2位于分子进化树的不同分支,PbPAL1与西洋梨（Pyrus communis）的PAL同源性较高,而PbPAL2与桃（Prunus persica）的PAL同源性较高。定量PCR分析表明,随着鸭梨果实发育成熟,果皮、果肉和果心的PbPAL1和PbPAL2表达量各异,但均呈下降趋势;且果实发育早期果心中的PbPAL1和PbPAL2表达量显著高于果皮和果肉。损伤处理可迅速诱导鸭梨的果肉褐变,果皮褐变出现较晚;同时,损伤刺激果皮和果肉组织中PbPAL1和PbPAL2表达上调。果皮中PbPAL1表达量在损伤处理后6 h达到高峰,而PbPAL2在损伤处理后48 h才显著上升;果肉中PbPAL1在损伤处理后1 h表达量开始显著上升,而PbPAL2在损伤处理后12 h才显著上升。【结论】鸭梨PbPAL1和PbPAL2属于2个不同的PAL类型,其表达随果实发育呈下降趋势,机械损伤过程中,两基因表达显著上调,表明其参与了损伤引起的组织褐变过程。     

美洲南瓜（Cucurbita pepo）种皮苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因克隆与表达分析

【目的】克隆有壳美洲南瓜种皮PAL基因（CP-PAL）,研究PAL基因在有壳和裸仁美洲南瓜种皮发育过程中的表达特性,为揭示美洲南瓜种皮发育机理及木质素积累在南瓜种皮发育中的作用等方面提供理论依据。【方法】利用RT-PCR,结合RACE技术克隆CP-PAL的全长序列并进行生物信息学分析;利用实时荧光定量PCR技术,采用2-△△Ct方法对种皮发育过程中PAL基因的表达进行分析。【结果】CP-PAL序列全长为1 720 bp,含有一个1 359 bp的ORF,114 bp 5′端非翻译区、236 bp 3′端非翻译区及11 bp polyA结构,可编码452个氨基酸,分子量为48.86 kD,等电点为6.55,原子总数为6 885个,分子式为C2158H3449N607O657S14。通过BLASTX比对表明CP-PAL核苷酸序列及其氨基酸序列与黄瓜PAL核苷酸及其氨基酸序列的相似性最高。CP-PAL包含PAL-HAL、PLN02457及phe_am_lyase 3个结构域及酶活性中心序列（GTITASGDLVPLSYIA）,属于Lyase_I_Like超家族。CP-PAL不具有导肽及信号肽,为非跨膜蛋白,可能定位于细胞质及内质网上,属可溶性蛋白。CP-PAL蛋白含有4个酪蛋白激酶Ⅱ识别位点、6个蛋白激酶C识别位点、12个豆蔻酰化位点及2个糖基化位点。此外,分析可知CP-PAL有18个丝氨酸磷酸化位点、6个苏氨酸磷酸化位点及5个酪氨酸磷酸化位点。无规则卷曲是CP-PAL蛋白二级结构中最大量的结构元件,α-螺旋和延伸链分散于整个蛋白质中,且N-末端以无规则卷曲形式存在,C-末端以延伸链形式存在。CP-PAL氨基酸序列同挑选的其他14种植物的PAL氨基酸序列进行多重序列比较,发现功能区域的氨基酸序列较为保守,N-端的差异最大。系统进化树分析表明CP-PAL和黄瓜PAL蛋白的亲缘关系最近。CP-PAL蛋白三级结构以α-螺旋为主要结构元件,β-转角和无规则卷曲较少。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明PAL基因在有壳和裸仁美洲南瓜种皮发育中呈现反向对应的变化趋势：有壳美洲南瓜种皮PAL基因在自交授粉20 d后表达量增加,而裸仁美洲南瓜种皮PAL基因在20 d后表达量下降。整个种皮发育过程中,PAL基因在裸仁美洲南瓜中的表达量低于其在有壳美洲南瓜中的表达量。【结论】从有壳美洲南瓜种皮中克隆得到与木质素合成相关的PAL基因,该基因可能通过参与调控种皮木质素的合成从而影响美洲南瓜裸粒品种的种皮发育。     

木薯苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因的克隆及其对低温胁迫的响应

本研究从全基因组水平对木薯（Manihot esculenta Crantz）苯丙氨酸解氨酶编码基因（Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase,PAL）进行鉴定,并以木薯品种KU50为材料克隆了6个PAL基因,分析了低温胁迫（7 ℃）对叶片MePAL表达模式、PAL酶活性、总酚含量、类黄酮含量和总抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明：低温处理使木薯叶片迅速萎蔫卷曲,并伴随叶片PAL酶活性、总酚含量、类黄酮含量和总抗氧化能力的显著提高。Real-time PCR分析表明,在低温处理前,MePAL1和MePAL2的相对表达量分别为0.83和1.19,显著高于其他4个MePAL基因,低温处理后6个MePAL基因均不同程度受低温胁迫诱导增强表达,其中MePAL5上调最高,达50.5~142.5倍。本研究结果初步显示低温胁迫上调了木薯叶片MePAL的表达,促进了总酚和类黄酮的合成,提高了抗氧化损伤的能力。     

A PAL1 Gene Promoter–Green Fluorescent Protein Reporter System to Analyse Defence Responses in Live Cells of Arabidopsis thaliana

Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Columbia-0 was transformed with a green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene under control of a phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) promoter. PAL is a key enzyme of the phenylpropanoid pathway and is induced to high levels during plant stress. Constitutive expression of PAL1 promoter-controlled GFP occurred in vascular tissues within stems, leaves and roots and in developing flowers. PAL1 promoter–GFP expression was examined in leaves of transgenic plants subjected to an abiotic elicitor, mechanical wounding or to inoculation with the pathogens Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato or Peronospora parasitica. Wounding of leaves and treatment with an abiotic elicitor and compatible interactions produced low to moderate levels of GFP. However, in incompatible interactions there were high levels of GFP produced. In incompatible interactions, the intensity of GFP fluorescence was similar to that produced in transgenic plants expressing GFP driven by the CaMV promoter. The bright green fluorescence produced in live cells and tissues was readily visualised using conventional fluorescence microscopy and was quantified using spectroflourometry. This is the first report of the use of GFP as a reporter of defence gene activation against pathogens. It has several advantages over other reporter genes including real time analysis of gene expression and visualisation of defence gene activation in a non-invasive manner.     

Note: Phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity in tomato seedlings and its relationship to bacterial canker disease resistance

Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity was studied in different genotypes of tomato with varying degrees of resistance and susceptibility to bacterial canker disease after inoculation withClavibacter michiganensis ssp.michiganensis. In resistant genotypes the enzyme activity increased significantly 21 h after bacterial inoculation, whereas in the susceptible genotypes the activity decreased. The increase or decrease in PAL activity correlated well with the degree of host resistance along with total phenol contents. The role of PAL in imparting resistance to tomato against bacterial canker disease is discussed. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Nov. 14, 2005.     

Reinforcement of cell wall in roots of Lycopersicon esculentum through induction of phenolic compounds and lignin by elicitors

Changes in phenolic metabolism and lignin deposition have been studied in roots of tomato plants after elicitation with four elicitors which are Fusarium mycelium extract (FME), chitosan (CHT), Fusarium culture filtrate (FCF) and Trichoderma mycelium extract (TME). Most profound effect of elicitors was observed on ferulic acid among the phenolic compounds. After 24 h elicitation, the increase in ferulic acid content of root cell wall was 3.71 and 3.30 times by FME and CHT, respectively. The increase of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid was 2.71 and 2.16 times by these two elicitors. The level of 4-coumaric acid was little more than double by these two elicitors after 24 h elicitation. Most pronounced increase in lignin synthesis was also effected by FME followed by CHT. Lignin deposition in the root cell wall was increased 3.6, 5.4 and 7.1 times by FME during 12, 24 and 36 h after elicitation, respectively. Similarly, CHT increased lignin deposition by 2.8, 5.1 and 6.8 times at 12, 24 and 36 h after elicitation, respectively. FCF and TME also increased lignin deposition significantly in the cell walls of tomato roots during the above time periods of elicitation. Activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase reached highest level at 24 h post elicitation under the influence of the elicitors. Peroxidase activity registered a sharp increase at 24 h post elicitation. Markedly increased level of polyphenol oxidase activity was found at 12 h post elicitation. Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase activity was observed to reach highest level at 48 h post elicitation. Cell wall strengthening, through the deposition of lignin, preceded by the induction of the synthesizing enzymes appears to play an important role in the defense response of Lycopersicon esculentum in reaction to elicitors, including one derived from Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, the causal organism of Fusarium wilt of tomato.     

SOE法对大豆苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)基因拼接的应用研究

利用SOE(Splicing by Overlap Extension)法对大豆苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)的两个外显子进行拼接,得到完整的PAL基因,表明这种方法是有效可行的.这种技术是作为对cDNA克隆的初步改进与尝试,节约了成本,有一定的应用价值.