大力推广超级稻确保海南粮食安全

农业是海南省的主产业,农村人口占海南总人口的70%～80%,但长期以来,海南粮食生产水平偏低,粮食不能自给.海南农业基础薄弱,易受自然灾害与国内外不良农业环境影响,加上农民收入水平低,粮食安全隐患较大.2004年早季,超级杂交稻在海南大面积示范成功,为海南实现粮食自给、解决粮食安全问题提供了新的有效途径.总结和分析了海南水稻生产现状、粮食安全存在的主要隐患及超级稻在海南的推广应用前景,并提出了解决海南粮食安全问题的有关措施与建议.     

海藻多糖用于食品涂膜保鲜的研究现状

海藻多糖具有抑菌、抗病毒和抗氧化等多种生物活性,可用于食品的涂膜保鲜。本文概述了海藻多糖的生物活性及其保鲜机理,并将目前已发现的具有活性的海藻多糖种类及其在食品涂膜保鲜中的应用现状、保鲜效果等进行综述,同时对其未来发展趋势进行展望。     

Growth of Juvenile Crayfish Procambarus llamasi (Villalobos 1955) Fed Different Farm and Aquaculture Commercial Foods

In this study, a range of commercially available animal and fish feeds were tested in the production of juveniles of the crayfish Procambarus llamasi, an endemic species of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. A randomized block design was implemented to observe the effect of commercial shrimp (Crude Protein, CP = 38%), trout (CP = 43.2%), tilapia (CP = 31.8%), rabbit (CP = 16.1%), turkey (CP = 18%), and pig (CP = 15.2%) diets in a recirculating aquaculture system. Shrimp food showed the best results in terms of growth performance, while lowest growth values (P<0.05) were obtained with farm animal diets. Trout and tilapia diets were intermediate. Pig feed was the most cost-effective at US$ 0.44 per kg of crayfish growth. Where no feeds specifically for crayfish are available, terrestrial animal feeds have the advantage of low price, ready availability in the market, and acceptable performance.     

瘤背石磺人工繁育关键技术的研究

研究了瘤背石磺亲体在不同温度、盐度下受精卵的孵化及不同开口饵料、不同附着基对浮游幼虫的培育和附着效果。结果表明,不同饵料对亲体的成活率无显著影响,各组成活率均超过95%;在(27±1)℃、不换水条件下,5、10、15、20、25、30的各盐度组中,以15、20盐度组的孵化率最高,分别为96.4%、95.8%;在盐度15、不换水条件下,(24±1)(、27±1)、(30±1)、(33±1)℃温度组,受精卵产出后至孵化出膜的时间分别需319、297、2862、78 h;采用自制孵化框漂浮式孵化,孵化率高达98%;不同开口饵料试验结果表明,金藻投喂组幼体成活率最高,为87.5%;不同附着基附着培养试验10 d后,悬浮球填料组的成活率最高,达90%,且个体整齐、生长速度快,而铺泥组为43%,不加附着基组仅38%。     

沼液淹没土壤抑制根结线虫及对土壤线虫群落的影响

为探索沼液抑制根结线虫的效果,本研究通过盆栽试验,以番茄为试供作物,对比了种植前沼液淹没土壤(BSS)、种植期间浇灌沼液(BS)和加热(HE)3种方法对根结线虫的防控效果。结果表明,与不采取任何措施的对照(CK)处理相比, BSS处理抑制根结线虫效果最为明显,防效高达97.1%,根结指数分别比HE和BS处理降低96.9%和92.9%。HE处理尽管在处理土壤后显著降低了根结线虫数量,但在最后破坏性取样时(结束试验)出现反弹,根结线虫数量甚至高于CK处理。对于土壤线虫群落,CK处理中以植食性线虫为主(81.8%);两个沼液处理中食细菌线虫占优势(平均78.3%),且其中的杂食捕食性线虫在土壤前处理后消失,在试验结束时又重新出现,但所占比例依然非常低。沼液淹水方式的高效防控效果揭示了利用沼液防控根结线虫的关键期在于线虫入侵到植物根部之前的幼虫期。然而,在盆栽系统中,沼液淹水的方式也对作物生长表现出了一定的抑制趋势。高量沼液施用防控病害的同时引发的植物毒害作用以及环境污染风险,需要进一步开展田间研究。     

秸秆还田配施石灰对水田土壤铜、锌、铅、镉活性的影响

秸秆还田是我国培肥地力和增加农田土壤碳固定的重要措施,但进入农田的秸秆存在着活化土壤重金属的风险。为了解不同来源的秸秆对污染水平不同农田土壤重金属活性的影响,采取相应措施防止因秸秆还田对农田土壤重金属的激活,开展了盆栽和田间小区试验研究秸秆还田配施石灰对水田土壤铜、锌、镉、铅活性的影响。盆栽和田间试验在轻度和重度污染2种土壤上同时进行。盆栽试验中施用秸秆包括重污染水稻秸秆、轻污染水稻秸秆和轻污染油菜秸秆3种,石灰用量设对照(0 kg·hm-2)和石灰处理(750 kg·hm-2)2个处理;田间小区试验设对照(不施秸秆和石灰)、秸秆还田及秸秆还田+石灰3个处理。动态观察了试验过程中土壤有效态重金属、重金属形态及水稻籽粒中重金属积累情况。结果表明,试验初期(前20 d)秸秆还田显著增加了水田土壤中水溶性有机碳与水溶性重金属的含量;与对照处理比较,水溶性重金属含量以重度污染土壤增幅较为明显。试验后期(60 d后)秸秆还田对土壤重金属的活性的影响逐渐变得不明显。油菜秸秆还田土壤中水溶性重金属含量低于水稻秸秆还田,重污染水稻秸秆还田土壤中水溶性重金属含量高于低污染水稻秸秆还田。盆栽试验和田间试验的结果都表明,重污染水稻秸秆还田可轻微增加水稻籽粒中镉的积累,但轻度污染水稻秸秆还田与油菜秸秆还田对水稻籽粒镉积累的影响较小;3种秸秆还田对水稻籽粒铅、铜、锌积累的影响不明显。配施石灰可显著降低土壤中水溶性重金属的含量,降低水稻籽粒中重金属的积累。研究认为,在污染农田管理上应控制重污染水稻秸秆还田,在秸秆还田的同时适量配施石灰。     

黄土高原退耕还林工程对生态环境的影响及对策建议

基于西北地区水土流失和生态环境问题日益严重,为了再造一个山川秀美的西北地区,1999年我国实施了浩大的退耕还林工程。文章分析了黄土高原自新石器时代以来气候变迁和农耕文明前后人类活动对生态环境的影响,造成气候和植被带的南移以及农业和畜牧业发展带来的破坏,指出退耕还林工程实施以来对植被恢复、土地资源的合理利用和区域气候改善都起到了显著的成效,但仍存在水资源需求增加,承载力不足、耕地面积减少,短期内粮食产量下降、政策可持续性等问题,提出因地制宜,选择合适树种,利用节水措施以缓解水资源问题,基于生态、经济、社会价值最大化进一步优化土地配置,从工程后续的管理和维护上入手,提供合理的经济补偿,巩固已有的成果等建议,为以后更好推进退耕还林工程实施起到指导作用。     

西北地区食物结构及其安全现状评估

食物是国民经济基础之基础,食物安全问题是世界各国共同面临的重大问题。及时把握和正确判断一个国家或者地区的食物安全状况,对其经济和社会可持续发展具有非常重要的现实意义。在对2000—2014年西北地区7个省(区)的食物结构及生产量、人均食物占有量和主要食物的平均人日热量拥有量进行分析的基础上,对西北地区的食物安全现状进行了评估和判断。结果表明:2000—2014年西北地区7个省(区)粮食、蔬菜、水果、肉蛋奶、棉花、油料等食物产量整体上在波动中呈增长趋势,食物种类趋向多样化和丰富化;近5年西北地区粮食和水果人均占有量均超过全国人均水平,2000—2014年人均奶类、棉花和油料占有量大于全国人均占有量,但人均蔬菜、禽蛋和肉类占有量低于全国人均水平;除青海地区外,其他6个省(区)2014年人均每日热量拥有量都达到营养学要求;2000年以来,西北地区食物安全程度不断提高,但2014年,西北地区食物安全仍处于一个较低安全水平;当前西北地区仍面临着水资源缺乏、耕地面积和质量有限、农业技术设备落后等挑战,使该地区食物安全受到威胁,针对这些问题,文章提出了调整农业结构,保护生态环境,确保食物安全可持续发展等对策。     

Is PLOS ONE Attracting Highly Cited Papers in the Food Sciences? Comparing Authors' Most Cited Work to Their PLOS ONE Articles Published 2006–2016

Since 2007, the Open Access journal PLOS ONE has published 194,622 expert-reviewed scientific papers, including 85 related to the human food sciences such as food safety, general food science, and nutrition. Seventy-five of their corresponding authors had previously published. Their most cited articles in other journals were identified and citation counts compared against those earned by their PLOS ONE papers. No PLOS ONE food sciences paper has yet been cited more than an author's best effort in the field in other journals. More than half (38) of the 75 PLOS ONE papers studied remain uncited even by their own authors.     

Effects of ambient gaseous pollutants on photosynthesis,growth, yield and grain quality of selected crops grown at different sites varying in pollution levels

In recent decades, ambient gaseous pollution has increased due to anthropogenic activities worldwide. The studies to evaluate the adverse effects of ambient pollutants on commonly grown food crops are still limited, especially in Asian countries like Pakistan. The present study was conducted to measure the ambient pollutants in different sites of Faisalabad and their impact on growth and yield of wheat, mung bean and peas. Plants were grown in pots and placed at three sites named as control (Wire house of Government College University, Faisalabad), low pollution (LP) (Farm Area of Ayub Agricultural Research Institute) and high pollution (HP) (GT Chowk, Faisalabad) sites. Results showed that ambient ozone (O₃) concentration was highest at HP site followed by LP site and was below AOT40 in control site. Ambient pollutants caused foliar injury in crops and decreased plant height, leaf area, biomass and grain yield. Pollutants caused a reduction in photosynthetic pigments, stomatal conductance and net photosynthetic rate and grain protein contents in all three crops. In conclusion, the ambient O₃ level was highest at HP site, this current O₃ level and other pollutants decreased the growth and yield of important food crops.