Response of Stipa bungeana and Pennisetum flaccidum to urine of sheep in steppe grassland of north‐western China

Urine [12·3 g nitrogen (N) L^?1], collected from native Tan sheep in rangeland of the Loess Plateau in north‐western China, was applied to vegetation patches dominated by Stipa bungeana (C₃ grass) or Pennisetum flaccidum, (C₄ grass) at either 0, 1·0, 2·0 or 4·0 L urine m^?2 in early‐, mid‐, or late‐growing season, and herbage mass and tiller number per sample recorded, allowing calculation of the respective contributions of increases in tiller weight and tiller density to the response from N in urine. Such records were made three times in the growing season of application of urine, and at the end of the following growing season. Responses to urine were of the order of 1 and 5 kg herbage DM kg^?1 N applied for S. bungeana and P. flaccidum, respectively. Except for early‐season application, responses of S. bungeana were mainly expressed in the season following urine application whereas responses of P. flaccidum tended to be expressed within the year of urine application, although with a residual response in the following year. The general pattern was for a tiller density‐mediated response in the period immediately after application, followed later by a tiller weight‐mediated response. Taken together with other recent research, S. bungeana can be considered a stress‐tolerating species with a limited response to N application and P. flaccidum an opportunist species able to capitalize on increased N supply.     

象草幼穗离体培养植株再生研究

以象草幼穗为外植体材料、改良的MS为基本培养基,研究了不同外源激素组合对不同发育时期幼穗愈伤组织诱导和植株再生能力的影响.结果表明,象草幼穗离体培养最适长度为2～5 cm;愈伤组织诱导培养基中添加4.0 mg/L 2,4-D 0.05 mg/L KT和4.0 mg/L 2,4-D 0.10 mg/L KT时,颗粒状愈伤组织诱导率分别为79.0%和72.6%;转入添加3.0 mg/L 2,4-D 0.2 mg/L 6-BA的继代培养基,分别有40.9%和74.0%的愈伤组织保持颗粒状结构;在添加2.0 mg/L CPPU 0.01 mg/L NAA和0.50 mg/L KT 0.5 mg/L IAA的分化培养基上,经过继代培养后的颗粒状愈伤组织的成苗率分别为36.4%和38.5%,总成苗率达50.2%和43.9%.3片叶大小的幼苗转入附加NAA 0.50 mg/L的1/2 MS壮根培养基,试管苗移栽成活率达95%以上.在继代培养过程中逐代选择外表呈白色、干燥、紧密、颗粒状的愈伤组织,是提高其植株再生能力的有效方法.     

盐胁迫下泛菌属内生细菌对杂交狼尾草发芽及生理的影响

内生细菌作为一种宝贵的天然微生物资源,在植物防病、杀虫、促生、耐盐及耐干旱能力等方面具有广阔的应用前景。本研究分析了泛菌属内生细菌(Pantoea sp.)PP04对不同盐浓度胁迫下杂交狼尾草(Pennisetum americanum×P.purpureum)种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,该内生细菌在低(100mmol·L~(-1))、中(200mmol·L~(-1))度盐浓度下,对杂交狼尾草种子的萌发率、发芽指数及胚芽长度都有明显增益作用,增幅分别达10.75%、28.57%和300%。进一步研究发现,在不同浓度的盐胁迫下,内生细菌PP04通过诱导杂交狼尾草不同的抗氧化保护酶活性,从而减少膜脂过氧化作用,降低丙二醛(MDA)的含量。在低、中浓度盐胁迫下,PP04能显著提高杂交狼尾草超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸酶(APX)的活性。其中SOD和POD活性在低盐胁迫下增幅最高,可达64.17%和73.14%;而CAT和APX酶活性在高盐(300 mmol·L~(-1))胁迫下增幅最大,可达160.57%和73.38%。说明该内生细菌菌株可通过缓解氧化胁迫对植物造成的损伤,显著提高植物对盐胁迫的耐受性,具有良好的开发应用前景。     

施肥和刈割日期对杂交狼尾草钙、磷、镁含量的影响及其与家畜需要的关系

研究了不同施肥处理和刈割日期对杂交狼尾草Ca、P和Mg含量的影响及其与家畜营养的关系,结果表明,有机肥的施用显著降低了植株Ca含量,对植株P和Mg含量无显著影响;随无机氮施用水平的提高,杂交狼尾草植株Ca和Mg含量显著提高,P含量显著降低;植株Ca、Mg含量均随刈割日期的推迟而显著提高,植株磷含量随刈割日期的推迟呈先降后升的规律;根据NRC推荐的饲养标准(奶牛、肉牛和绵羊),所有处理杂交狼尾草植株Mg含量均能满足家畜的需要,Ca:P为(0.95～2.67):1;利用杂交狼尾草饲喂高产奶牛时,应注意日粮中Ca、P的添加.     

皇竹草引栽适应性观察研究

皇竹草是多年生直立型丛生性耐刈割的禾本科牧草,在西昌市海拔1500m、1760m、2000m地区年总产鲜草分别可达2.48×105kg/hm2、1.98×105kg/hm2、1.81×105kg/hm2,日平均生长高度分别为3.26cm、3.00cm、2.85cm,结果表明:皇竹草产量高,适应性广,生长快,可在西昌市海拔1500～2000m范围内大面积推广种植。     

Drought Tolerance Aspects in Pearl Millet

Different indices for selection of lines grown under low and high water levels were examined from both theoretical and practical standpoints. Pearl millet ( Pennisetum americanum (L.) K. Schum) was planted under a sprinkler irrigation gradient in 1983 and 1984. Equations were developed for drought tolerance for both yield and forage production. Correlation coefficients were developed for yield and yield components.
The equations showed that drought will generally result in decreased productivity of both grain and forage. Grain yield was found to be positively correlated with seed weight and with the number of seeds in the main head, and negatively correlated with plant height under low water level. Dry matter was positively correlated with tiller number.     

不同越冬措施对矮象草生长状况和生产性能的影响

研究了不同越冬措施对矮象草生长状况和生产性能的影响。结果表明：相对于覆草、盖土和对照,覆膜措施更能有效提高矮象草的返青率、鲜草产量和品质;茎粗和单株叶片数是预测鲜草产量的主要指标,与鲜草产量呈正相关关系。     

基于主成分分析及隶属函数法的巨菌草幼苗耐盐碱性评价

模拟不同浓度的混合盐碱胁迫环境,测定巨菌草幼苗的株高生长量(H)、含水量(MC)、相对含水量(RWC)、水分饱和亏(WSD)、丙二醛含量(MDA)、过氧化氢酶活性(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶活性(SOD)、可溶性糖含量(SS)、游离脯氨酸含量(Pro)、可溶性蛋白含量(SP)、叶绿素含量(Chl)(含叶绿素a含量Chla、叶绿素b含量Chlb)的变化,对其抗盐碱性进行综合评价。结果表明:随盐碱浓度升高,不同混合盐碱胁迫下巨菌草幼苗的H、RWC不同程度地下降,CAT、SOD活性,以及SS、SP、Pro含量变化不一。当组配的溶液中NaCl、Na₂SO₄、NaHCO₃浓度比为1:2:1、总盐碱浓度为30 mmol·L^-1时,供试巨菌草的隶属函数综合得分最高,为0.893,说明巨菌草在该环境下耐受性较好。     

象草不同辐射剂量诱变系表型及遗传变异研究

以象草种茎为材料,利用10、20和30 Gy剂量的⁶⁰Co-γ射线照射种茎,筛选适宜诱变剂量并研究其表型性状变异和分子水平上的遗传变异,为象草辐射诱变育种提供理论和技术基础。结果表明,辐射处理后的植株有矮化的趋势,其中分蘖数、茎节数和叶长对辐射最敏感,容易发生变异;在所有诱变系材料中,F30-39和F30-41聚为一类,与对照材料差异最大,是显著矮小化的植株。30 Gy诱变系与未辐射的材料间的遗传相似系数在0.3793~0.9655,平均为0.8276,而差异位点数在4~66个,平均为19.3个,两项指标均大于10和20 Gy诱变系群体。综合考虑辐射后植株存活率与遗传变异结果,选定30 Gy为最适宜的象草种茎辐射诱变剂量。     

美洲狼尾草与象草杂交中花期相遇的调节

美洲狼尾草Ｔｉｆｔ２３Ａ（Ｐｅｎｎｉｓｅｔｕｍａｍｅｒｃｕｎｕｍ以下简称２３Ａ）在适宜播期内主茎叶数一般为２５。出叶间隔２～４ｄ。出叶速度总体上依抽出顺序而温慢，其分蘖一期发生在５～７叶龄；拔节则发生在１４叶龄前后，幼穗分化与拔节基本同步，在杂交制种中，当母本２３Ａ拔节前对父本象草Ｎ５１（Ｐ．ｐｕｒｐｕｒｅｕｍ，以下简称Ｎ５１）进行３～４周，每日９ｈ的短日照处理，则父母本花期基本相遇。