文山三七三种病原真菌的分离、鉴定及其体外生长速率的研究

[目的]分离、鉴定文山三七根腐病、黑斑病和圆斑病的主要病原真菌,并探明其体外生长速率。[方法]用马铃薯葡聚糖琼脂培养基分离、纯化病原真菌,以真菌体外培养时的菌落形态和回接试验中的病兆特征和再分离真菌的菌落形态进行形态鉴定,以真菌ITS序列扩增与比对进行分子鉴定,用体外培养时病原真菌菌落直径和厚度的增加速率来表征其生长速率。[结果]文山三七根腐病、黑斑病和圆斑病的主要病原真菌分别为双孢柱孢、人参链格孢和槭菌刺孢。体外培养时,双孢柱孢菌落的直径和厚度增大最快,其次为人参链格孢的,槭菌刺孢的则最慢;在同一培养时间,不同真菌的菌落直径、厚度间的各自差异仅达到显著水平。[结论]文山三七根腐病、黑斑病和圆斑病的主要病原真菌分别为双孢柱孢、人参链格孢和槭菌刺孢,当三种病害同时发生时,根腐病将蔓延最快,黑斑病次之,圆斑病则最慢。     

微生物与重金属作用机理研究

以微生物与重金属相互作用为对象,结合近年来国内外研究,系统地说明了5种主要分子作用机理,分别为细胞表面吸附、主动运输、细胞内隔绝、胞外沉淀及酶的解毒作用。对重金属产生抗性的基因位于微生物的染色体、质粒和转座子上。最后介绍了多种抗性菌株,并就研究和应用前景进行了分析。     

Development of Chinese Near-isogenic Line of Rice and Their Differentiating Ability of Pathogenic Races of Blast Fungus

The rice( Oryza L. ) variety, Lijiangxintuanheigu(LTH), is a universally susceptible variety. A set of near-isogenic lines (NILs) of rice which has single resistance gene for each line was developed by use of LTH as recurrent parent and Kusabue,Tsuyuake, K1, PiNo. 4, K60 and BL1, which are from Kiyosawa‘s differential varieties(KDV), as donor parents. Differentiating ability of these NILs to Philippine isolates was compared with that of their donor parents, KDV and IRRI‘ s NILs. The results of comparative studies were as follows: (1) Differentiating ability of Chinese NILs to Philippine isolates was much stronger than that of their donor parents and that of KDV. (2) Chinese NILs had similar ability to differentiate races to IRRI‘s NILs or higher differentiating ability than them. But IRRI‘s NILs almost had no differentiating ability to isolates from japonica rice-growing regions. They can not be used to differentiate races of isolates from japonica ricegrowing regions. Whereas, Chinese NILs can be used to differentiate races of isolates from both japonica ricegrowing regions and indica rice-growing regions. It was concluded that the set of Chinese NILs can be used as international differentials.     

黑茶加工中微生物作用的研究

六堡茶、普洱茶、茯砖茶等同属黑茶类,传统加工过程中的渥堆发酵是形成黑茶品质特征的关键,上述过程需要微生物参与才使其具有独特品质。本文就黑茶生产过程中的主要微生物种类、微生物分泌的胞外酶及其对黑茶品质形成所起的作用、微生物的安全性进行综述。     

西藏自然风冻干牦牛肉加工工艺与微生物菌相分析

以西藏特有的自然条件对牦牛肉进行冷冻干燥处理,确定冻干生牛肉肉片的最佳生产工艺;测定了总糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量、酸价及过氧化值在加工过程中的变化.结果表明:生产的风冻干牦牛肉细菌总数显著下降,有害菌减少;理化性质也发生了一定的变化,如总糖含量下降,可溶性蛋白含量升高,由此可知,通过这种方法加工出来的产品是一种营养保留全面、工艺简洁、风味独特、耐贮藏、质量轻、易携带的高档肉制品.     

Molecular detection of Leptospira spp. in wild boar (Sus scrofa) hunted in Liguria region (Italy)

Leptospirosis is a re-emerging and widespread zoonosis, worldwide distributed, due to a wide variety of wild and domestic animal species able to act as natural or accidental hosts. During last years, in Europe, as in Italy, wild boar (Sus scrofa) population is increased. This animal represents a reservoir for different etiological agents, such as Leptospira. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the prevalence of Leptospira spp. in wild boar hunted in Liguria region (Italy) during two-year hunting seasons. From 611 hunted wild boar, kidneys were collected. DNA was extracted from each organ and different targets were used to detect pathogenic (lipL32 gene), intermediate (16S rRNA gene) and saprophytic (23S rRNA gene) Leptospira by Taqman-based RealTime-PCR assays. Overall, kidneys were sampled from 282 adults, 155 sub-adults and 174 young wild boar (in total 314 males and 298 females). By RealTime PCR 77 kidneys were positive and, among these, 74 resulted positive for pathogenic (96.10%) and 3 (3.90%) for intermediate Leptospira. No significant differences in pathogenic Leptospira infection ratio were detected between male (11.50%) and female (12.75%). Only 13 sub-adult animals (8.39%) resulted infected by pathogenic Leptospira; 23 young animals (13.22%) and 38 adult animals (13.47%) were positive. The results of this study confirmed the importance of wild boar in the epidemiology of leptospirosis, which is able to infect other animal species (domestic and wild) including humans. Rarely, intermediate Leptospira could be able to infect wild boar with a renal localization that can contribute to their shedding and circulation.     

小麦纹枯病菌拮抗细菌的稳定性及对小麦纹枯病菌致病作用的影响

从江苏省51个市(县)采集的550余份小麦纹枯病病叶鞘上共分离获得441个细菌分离物,其中35个菌株对小麦纹枯病菌产生了拮抗作用,占总菌株数的7.94%。经300 d转代保存后仍有28株菌保持了对小麦纹枯病菌的拮抗或抑制作用。拮抗细菌与纹枯菌混合接种小麦,对纹枯菌的侵染有抑制作用,其中GC4菌株对纹枯病的抑制率达63%。     

中国水稻近等基因系在黑龙江省稻瘟病菌生理小种中的应用研究

为了寻找适应于黑龙江省稻瘟病菌生理小种研究的鉴别品种,首次将中国水稻近等基因系应用于黑龙江省稻瘟病菌生理小种监测研究中,采用中国第一套7个鉴别品种对生理小种的鉴别力与其进行比较分析,证明中国水稻近等基因系具有较强的鉴别能力,对同一中国小种具有细划作用,适宜黑龙江省稻区稻瘟病菌生理小种鉴定研究。     

纤维体及其在瘤胃微生物中的研究进展

纤维体是指某些厌氧细菌和真菌产生的降解纤维素的多酶复合体,它能够将纤维素和微生物细胞连接起来,进而实现对纤维素的高效降解。纤维体首先是在嗜热纤维梭菌上发现并被提出。目前,纤维体的研究已成为瘤胃微生物研究领域的热点问题。本文对纤维体概念的提出过程、纤维体存在的证据、纤维体作用的分子基础和功能以及瘤胃微生物纤维体类似物的研究进行了综述。     

Presence of Bacteria on the External Genitalia of Healthy Stallions and its Transmission to the Mare at the Time of Breeding by Live Cover

The current field study used thoroughbred stallions and mares from central Kentucky to investigate the occurrence of potentially pathogenic bacteria on the stallion's external genitalia, based on cultures, and investigated the occurrence of bacteria and type of isolate in the mare's uterus after breeding by live cover to stallions with or without positive bacterial cultures. Fifteen thoroughbred stallions and 206 mares from two central Kentucky thoroughbred farms were used during the 2010 and 2011 breeding seasons. Samples for bacteriological evaluation were taken from the prepuce and postejaculate urethra (n = 201) of stallions. Uterine swabs (n = 264) were collected 12-18 hours postbreeding. For statistical analyses, a chi-squared test was used to test the relationship between stallion culture results and postbreeding uterine culture results, as well as the effect of bacterial types found on the stallion cultures with bacterial types found on the postbreeding uterine cultures. Of stallion cultures, 22.4% were positive for potentially pathogenic bacteria, with Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus (51.1%) being the most common isolate. Uterine cultures resulted in a 29.2% positive rate for potentially pathogenic bacteria, with S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus (90.9%) being the most common. There was no difference (P > .05) in the occurrence of bacteria or type of isolate found on uterine cultures after breeding stallions with or without positive cultures. In conclusion, potentially pathogenic bacteria found on the stallion's external genitalia did not affect the occurrence and type of bacterial isolate found in the mare's uterus after breeding by live cover.