带式钵苗喂入系统的分析与试验

简要介绍了由带式钵苗喂入系统和导苗管式栽植系统组成的钵苗栽植机的工作原理,而对本机创新点——输送带式钵苗喂入系统作了较为详细的分析;提出了向导苗管式栽植器喂入钵苗的基本要求;通过计算和试验,讨论了输送带的传动比、输送带长度、送钵时间、分钵器主要参数对生产率、栽植株距及均匀性和操作者劳动强度的影响,还讨论了保证钵苗喂入连续性的条件;应用刚体平面运动理论对钵苗在输送带末端的翻倒以及在扶正器作用下的转正过程进行描述。试验表明该喂入系统操作简单、分钵可靠、喂入姿态合理,适用于多种作物钵苗     

Changes in penetration resistance of Ultisols from southern China as affected by shearing

Shear stresses and soil properties modified due to stress play an important role during formation of seals in a series of rainfall events and during tillage. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the effects of the penetrometer geometry on the penetration resistance as affected by shearing under different initial soil conditions and to use the information on soil strength to elucidate shearing process. Nine homogenous air-dried soils (<2 mm) were sprayed and stored so as to obtain equilibrium soil water contents. The moist soils were sheared by horizontal displacement of layers of soil particles/aggregates in between hands in one direction. The soil cores were prepared with comparable bulk density before the measurement of maximum penetration resistance (P_max) with a small flat tip and a cone tip penetrometers. At a wide range from 0.05 to 6.2 MPa, P_max was linearly correlated between the small flat tip and the cone tip penetrometers. The conversion ratio was higher under the saturation condition irrespective of the shearing effect. The penetrometer with the small flat tip was more sensitive for the weak soils. Shearing generally increased P_max in most cases, but it decreased P_max for some sandy soils under both saturated and unsaturated conditions and for a clayey soil under the saturated condition. The soil consisting of swelling clay exerted a decrease in P_max. Rearrangement and/or sliding of particles/aggregates and increase in soil suction during shearing were attributed to the increase in P_max. Increase in porosity due to the aggregation during shearing was ascribed to the decrease in P_max. In addition, it was shown that agricultural cultivation resulted in a reduction in soil strength.     

Effects on some clay soil qualities following the passage of rubber-tracked and wheeled tractors in central Italy

There is increased use of rubber-tracked tractors for ploughing on clay soil (Vertic Cambisol) in central, south and insular Italy instead of metal-tracked tractors, because they allow travel on public roads. Field tests were carried out on arable soil previously ploughed and harrowed to compare two types of tractors, one rubber-tracked (CAT Challenger Ch 45) and one wheeled (New Holland 8770) in order to establish the compacting effects resulting from 1 and 4 passes of the tractors in the same track. The following parameters were studied: soil penetration resistance, bulk density and its increment ratio, soil shear strength, soil macroporosity and hydraulic conductivity. Multiple passes made by the two tractors induced very similar effects on the soil in regards to soil penetration resistance. Mean values of penetration resistance (0–0.20 m depth) were 1.15 MPa for the rubber-tracked tractor and 1.11 MPa for the wheeled tractor; mean values of penetration resistance (0.21–0.40 m depth) were 1.07 MPa for the rubber-tracked tractor and 1.17 MPa for the wheeled tractor. The decrease in macroporosity, in particular that of elongated pores in the soil surface layer (0–0.10 m depth) was greater in treatments involving the rubber-tracked tractor (from 20.2 to 2.7%) than for the wheeled tractor (from 20.2 to 10.3%). Following traffic of the two tractors, hydraulic conductivity decreased and the following values were found for the five treatments: control, 18.48 mm h⁻¹; wheeled tractor 1 and 4 passes, 11.15 and 7.45 mm h⁻¹, respectively; rubber-tracked tractor 1 and 4 passes, 3.25 and 1.1 mm h⁻¹, respectively. Highly significant correlations between shear strength and dry bulk density, and between hydraulic conductivity and elongated pores and total macroporosity were found. Significant linear relationships between macroporosity and penetration resistance for 1 and 4 passes of both tractors were found in the soil layers (0–0.10 m). A significant difference was found between tractors and for correlations of penetration resistance values above control values. However, in the soil layer (0–0.20 m depth), with respect to the higher degree of macroporosity and low values of penetration resistance, treatments involving wheeled tractor (1 pass) showed a lower degree of soil compaction than was observed after 1 pass of the rubber-tracked tractor.     

Mass selection of wheat for grain filling without transient photosynthesis

Summary Post-anthesis chemical desiccation of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants in the field eliminates transtent photosynthesis by killing all green tissues, thus revealing the plant's capacity for grain filling from stored stem reserves, as the case is for post-anthesis stress such as drought or leaf diseases. This study was conducted to investigate whether mass selection for large kernels under chemical desiccation would lead to the improve ment of grain filling in the absence of transient photosynthesis.Six crosses of common spring wheat were subjected to three cycles of mass selection from F₂ through F₁ when selection was performed for large kernels by sieving grains from plants that were erther chemically desiccated after anthesis, or not (controls). The resulting 36 bulks (six crosses by three selection cycles by two selection environments) were compared with their respective F₂ base populations, when tested with and without chemical desiccation.Selection for large kernels under potential conditions (without chemical desiccation) did not improve kernel weight under potnetial conditions, evidently because these materials were lacking in genetic variation for kernel weight under potential conditions. In four of the crosses, 3rd cycle selection for large kernels under potential conditions decreased kernel weight under chemical desiccation. On the other hand, selection for large kernels under chemical desiccation was effective in improving kernel weight and test weight under chemical desiccation, depending on the cross and the selection cycle, with no genetic shift in mean days to heading or mean plant height. Selection for large kernels under chemical desiccation was also effective in some cases in increasing kernel weight under potential conditions. The results are interpreted to show that selection under potential conditions and under chemical desiccation operate on two different sources for grain filling, namely transient photosynthesis and stem reserve utilization, respectively. In order to expose genetic variability for stem reserve utilization to selection pressure, transient photosynthesis must be eliminated, as done by chemical desiccation in this study.     

KINEMATIC ANALYSIS AND CALCULATION OF SLEWING MECHANISM ON HYDRAULIC EXCAVATOR DRIVEN BY VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS WITH TOTAL CONSTANT-hp CONTROL

There are two main problems in the kinematic analysisof slewing mechanism on hydraulic excavator driven by variable displace-ment pumps with total hp-control when the excavator works and it'spumps get into variable displacement state as well.The first is how todetermine the oil flow in the hydraulic system according to the sum ofthe instantaneous pressure existing both in the slewing motor and in theworking cylinder.The second is how to calculate the driving torqueacting on the mechanism according to the instantaneous pressure existingin the motor.At pressent,the methods used for the kinematic analysisof the mechanism are based upon the assumption of the mechanism to bedriven by the fixed displacement pumps or by the variable displacementpumps with individual constant hp-control.But in these ways,theproblems mentioned above cannot be solved.This paper,on the basisof the variable displacement characteristic of the pumps with totalconstant hp-control,analyses the general kinematic pattern of the slewingmechanism in detail,presents the mathematical model and the numericalmethod used for it's kinematic analysis and establishes the the basis forevaluating it's design.     

棉花抗病核不育两用系的培育及应用研究

１９７８ 年开始选用含棉花核雄性不育基因ｍ ｓ１４的两用系４７３Ａ、抗枯萎病品种陕棉９ 号及抗枯黄萎病品种中棉所１２, 通过杂交转育、病圃与非病圃、可育株与不育株的双重交叉选择, 成功地培育出抗枯萎耐黄萎和抗枯萎抗黄萎的核不育两用系抗Ａ１ 和抗Ａ２。并对其抗性遗传、抗性与产量的配合力及其利用情况进行了研究, 以抗Ａ１ 和抗Ａ２ 作母本已选配成３ 个杂交种应用于生产。     

转Bt基因棉对棉铃虫抗性的时空动态

在室内研究了转Ｂｔ基因棉对棉铃虫抗性的时空动态及对棉铃虫幼虫取食行为的影响,结果表明,整个棉花生长期,棉花不同器官随着时间的变化其抗性有较大的差异,如７月以后,棉叶对棉铃虫幼虫的抗性明显下降,由６月下旬的１００％下降到８月初的６２．５％,然后抗性又逐渐回升,但仍为下降的趋势;从空间抗性来看,营养器官的抗性高于繁殖器官,接虫２４ｈ后,棉铃虫幼虫在转基因棉繁殖器官上分布数量较多;转基因棉对棉铃虫幼虫取食行为有较大的影响,和常规棉相比,在转基因棉上取食时间减少５７．６％,吐丝下垂、爬行和静息的时间分别延长３９６．１％、２２．４％和４．０％。     

Heading date and resistance to septoria tritici blotch in wheat not genetically associated

Nineteen cultivars, with large differences in heading date, were evaluated for their response to septoria tritici blotch in two experimental setups in Njoro, Kenya. Due to the more or less constant temperatures during the growing season and the overhead irrigation applied the epidemic conditions were similar over the whole observation period for the early and late cultivars. In experiment 1 the cultivars were assessed for disease severity at the same moment irrespective of the developmental stage, while in experiment 2 the cultivars were assessed at the same developmental stage. Measured at the same time, the disease severity was highest in the early maturing cultivars and lowest in the late maturing cultivars (r = –0.78). When assessed at the same development stage the disease build up was independent of heading date (r = –0.10) but strongly dependent on resistance level. There were no indications that early heading cultivars were more susceptible than late heading cultivars. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Influence of Cultural Practices on the Performance of Long Level Basins in Egypt

Several field studies were conducted tobetter understand the influence of culturalpractices, inflow rate and field conditionson the performance of modern surfaceirrigation systems in Egypt. Field datawere collected on wheat and cotton underEgyptian conditions in order to estimateinfiltration, roughness and performanceparameters. Tests were made with a varietyof inflow rates and a variety ofcross-section shapes (flat or furrowed andseveral furrow spacings). These studiesprovide information on expected values ofinfiltration and roughness parameterstypical of cracking clay soils in the NileDelta, as well as guidelines andrecommendations for use of long-levelbasins in Egypt.     

移栽机凸轮摆杆式扶苗机构设计与分析

移栽机扶苗机构结构参数和运动参数设计合理是保证移栽钵苗直立的关键。分析了无扶苗机构时钵苗落地后翻转运动过程，凸轮摆杆式扶苗机构栽植性能与运动参数关系，以及扶苗板运动规律。通过理论分析建立了扶苗板运动规律数学模型和扶苗机构初相角数学模型。设计的凸轮摆杆式扶苗机构已用于2ZB型导苗筒式移栽机上。试验表明：该机构工作稳定，栽植深度均匀，满足移栽要求。