A comparative analysis of the acoustic structure of separation calls of Mongolian wild horses (Equus ferus przewalskii) and domestic horses (Equus caballus)

In equines, calls given by foals or mothers when they are seeking contact with each other or by stallions seeking contact with other group members could be classified as affiliative or separation calls when a reunion follows the vocalizations. To investigate how domestication can affect the characteristics of vocalizations produced by equines, separation calls produced by Przewalski's (Przw) horses and Mongolian domestic horses (MDH) living in the same habitat were recorded, spectrally analyzed, and compared. Species-specific acoustic differences were found in the separation vocalizations of mares and foals. In particular, the second and third formants of the calls emitted by Przw mothers were significantly higher in frequency than those emitted by Mongolian domestic mothers, whereas the same acoustical variables were significantly lower in Przw foals than Mongolian domestic foals. Second and third formants have a significant effect on discriminating separation calls emitted by mares and foals from these different equine species. With the exception of the duration of the call, no significant species-specific differences in acoustic parameters were observed in separation calls emitted by stallions. Bioacoustic analysis can discriminate 2 different species that can be affected by their environment, evolution, and social organization.     

Effects of preadoption counseling on the prevention of separation anxiety in newly adopted shelter dogs

Separation anxiety is one of the more prevalent and difficult to treat behavior problems in dogs. The associated behaviors can be undesirable to dog owners and damage the human animal bond, leading to relinquishment or return to an animal shelter. Due to the high prevalence of separation related problems in recently adopted shelter dogs, shelter staff hold a critical role in advising and educating owners on how to prevent separation anxiety post-adoption. The aim of this study was to propose a form of that preventive counseling as a means of preventing the development of separation anxiety in recently adopted shelter dogs. The efficacy of preadoption counseling in the education and prevention of separation anxiety problems was tested in a prospective, randomized, parallel-group study. Participants included 133 new owners of dogs 6 months of age and older. At the time of adoption, sixty-six of these owners were randomly selected to receive five minutes of counseling on the prevention of separation anxiety, while the remaining sixty-seven owners served as the controls. A follow-up survey regarding the signs associated with separation anxiety and other potentially related behaviors was conducted one month post adoption. Results showed that 19 owners reported their dogs as having separation anxiety. There was no significant effect of adoption counseling on the prevention of separation anxiety. Owners in both groups were equally as likely to perform most of the recommendations given during counseling. Dogs that were reported to have separation anxiety were significantly more likely than dogs without reported separation anxiety to show nervous or panicked behavior as the owner prepared to leave (P = 0.0001) and were more likely to be reported as being “needy” (P = 0.031). Having another dog in the home was not protective against the development of separation anxiety. Owners in the counseling group were more likely than those in the control group to put food inside a toy at the time of leaving the dog home alone (P = 0.0001), suggesting the counseling recommendations were indeed followed by the owners. Owner compliance supports the idea that counseling is a useful tool for owners. Separation anxiety is a disorder whose course may be difficult to alter in recently adopted shelter dogs using only basic, interventional information. Brief counseling and a toy do not effectively prevent the occurrence of this complex behavioral condition. Further investigation should be done to find more specific, effective prevention tools for owners to use in the home to minimize the development of separation anxiety and shelter should be prepared to provide interventional resources to owners whose dogs develop separation anxiety despite these efforts.     

Characterization of the pattern of cytokeratin proteins in the epidermal cells of loach,Misgurnus anguillicaudatus (Cyprinformes)

The pattern of cytokeratin proteins in the epidermal cells of loach was studied by immunotechniques and partial separation of the epidermal cells. Two monoclonal antibodies, namely 8F7 and 1C45, against the cytokeratin proteins of the loach epidermis were prepared. these two monoclonal antibodies exhibit distinctive results in immunohistochemical staining. The 8F7 monoclonal antibody stains mainly with the epithelial cells, while the 1C45 monoclonal antibody stains specifically with the club cells. The pattern of cytokeratin proteins in the club cells and the epithelial cells of various epidermal layers was further determined by partial separation of these cells. Immunoblotting analysis of the cell fractions confirms the cytokeratin proteins to be differentially expressed in the club cells and the epithelial cells. However, the cytokeratin proteins expressed in the epithelial cells of the basal, middle and outer layers are same. The results indicate that differentiation of the epithelial cells seems limited during their translocation from basal to upper layers, but in those cells that do differentiate into club cells, the cytokeratin pattern changes.     

Effects of superfine grinding on the quality characteristics of whole-wheat flour and its raw noodle product

Four particle size distributions of whole-wheat flour (WWF) with mean particle sizes (MZ) of 125-μm, 96-μm, 72-μm, and 43-μm were obtained by superfine grinding. Starch damage and Farinograph water absorption were significantly affected by the reduction of particle size, while dough development time, stability, tolerance index and time to breakdown of WWF were little changed. The peak viscosity, trough, and final viscosity of WWF significantly decreased as particle size reduced. Although finer WWFs produced by superfine grinding caused more discoloration of whole-wheat noodle (WWN) after 24 h storage, they still showed brighter noodle appearance (higher L^∗) than coarser WWFs. A significant increase in the cooking yield of WWN was noticed from the 125-μm WWF group to the 43-μm group, perhaps due to increasing damaged starch, while the 72-μm group exhibited the smallest cooking loss of WWN. Additionally, the hardness, cohesiveness, and resilience values of texture profile analysis (TPA) of cooked WWN significantly increased from the 125-μm group to the 72-μm group, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis showed that the 72-μm group revealed the largest coverage of starch granules and degree of protein network connectivity among the WWF groups. The results demonstrated that the superfine grinding technique could improve the quality of WWN by significantly reducing the particle size of WWFs.     

蝴蝶兰Phalaenopsis ‘Frigdaas Oxford’和Phal.316杂交F_1代性状分离研究

以中小型-黄底红紫斑纹-蜡质花品种Phalaenopsis‘Frigdaas Oxford’(黄金豹)为母本,大花型-纯白无斑纹-纸质花品种Phal.316为父本进行常规杂交,对其F1代群体的性状分离进行研究。结果表明:F1代群体根据花部性状特点分为11个类群(Group 01~Group 11),17个数量性状介于双亲之间或低于双亲或高于双亲,表现为中亲优势或正向超亲优势或负向优势;杂交后代在花色、斑纹、花朵质地、唇瓣须状物、株高等方面都发生了明显的性状分离,今后可以此为基础进行优良单株或株系的筛选,并为部分花部性状的定向育种提供参考。     

白背毛木耳组织分离菌株栽培对比试验

通过出耳栽培试验,比较分析白背毛木耳菌株‘漳耳43-28’、06283与其组织分离菌株 Z43-28-1、Z06283的菌丝生长速度、生长势、抗污染能力、产量等,结果表明：分离菌株Z43-28-1、Z06283比出发菌株‘漳耳43-28’、06283栽培袋菌丝生长速度分别提高10.3％、13.5％,污染率分别降低11.48％、38.55％,产量分别提高6.2％、2.7％。应用组织分离可以达到较好的品种复壮效果。     

面向农业环境的无线传感器网络部署算法研究

设计了基于改进微粒群和初始能量分配的综合优化算法。通过合理的无线传感器网络节点部署,在保证网络通讯质量的同时,根据不同节点的实际功耗,均衡每个节点的能量,有效延长整个网络的生命周期,促进无线传感器网络技术在农业环境监测中更广泛的应用。     

正交试验优化红豆杉硒多糖的提取

以恩施高硒地区的珍贵药用植物红豆杉为研究对象,以料液比、水浴浸提时间以及微波处理时间为试验因素设计正交试验,优化了红豆杉硒多糖的提取分离纯化工艺.通过硫酸苯酚法测定红豆杉中硒多糖的含量,采用原子荧光法测定硒多糖中硒的含量,并以SPSS统计软件对正交试验结果进行处理和分析.结果表明,3因素对硒多糖提取率影响大小为料液比＞微波处理时间＞水提时间,且红豆杉中硒多糖的最佳提取条件为料液比1∶80(W/V)、水浴浸提时间30 min、微波处理时间5 min.在此条件下,测得红豆杉中硒多糖含量为1.96％,硒多糖中硒含量为0.0555 μg/g.     

东莞与邻近地区土沉香居群的叶形态 和遗传多样性分析

利用ISSR 技术分析了土沉香也Aquilaria sinensis（Lour.）Gilg.页4 居群的遗传多样性及遗传分化。应用9 条 引物从4 个居群共221 份样品中共扩增出105 个位点,其中多态性位点为104 个,多态位点百分率（PPB%）为 99.05%。等位基因数（Na）和有效等位基因数（Ne）分别为1.9905 和1.5854;Nei爷s 基因多样性指数（H）为0.3390, Shannon 信息指数（I）为0.5054,表明土沉香种内存在较丰富的遗传多样性。土沉香4 个居群总的遗传变异（Ht）为 0.3236,居群内的遗传变异（Hs）为0.2500,居群间的遗传分化系数（Gst）为0.2274,基因流（Nm）为1.6983。UPGMA 聚 类分析结果显示,电白居群和大岭山居群优先聚类,然后再与清溪居群聚类,而广西居群与其余3 个居群明显分离, 显示出较大的遗传分化;电白居群的大叶类群的分化大于小叶类群;东莞大岭山小叶类群与电白居群遗传相似性较 高,而大岭山大叶类群与清溪居群的遗传相似性较高。基于该研究结果,认为东莞大岭山居群部分来自清溪自然居 群,部分与电白居群来源相同,它们均来源于海南。