东北虎肺组织结构的解剖观察

为了解东北虎肺组织结构特点，并进一步探讨这些结构与其生理功能之间的关系，用光学显微镜地东北虎肺组织结构进行观察，结果表明：东北虎肺胸壁膜较厚，胸膜下组织发达，胸膜主要由大量胶原纤维和弹性纤维组成，结缔组织深入计内部构成支架，导气部有发达的气管腺，细支气管管壁较薄，呼吸部肺泡数多，每支呼吸性细支气管分出6－8支肺泡管，肺泡较小，处于半充容状态。     

虎蠕形螨的超微结构及对宿主致病力的观察

虎蠕形螨的外骨骼由上表皮、外表皮和内表皮组成,厚0.20～0.89μm。首次报告该螨的口腔、咽泡、唾腺、中肠和肛道等的超微结构,并分别进行讨论。光镜中可见此螨寄生于毛囊和皮脂腺,一个毛囊中一般只有1～3个虫体断面,故病变较轻,主要是表皮角化过度,毛囊内角质层增厚,有的呈角质栓;颗粒层厚度增加,透明角质颗粒粗大,有的可凝成块状,嗜碱性深柒;真皮中成纤维细胞和胶原纤维增多。透射电镜所见表皮病变也同光镜,部分棘细胞间隙增宽,并有单核细胞浸润;真皮中成纤维细胞多见,其胞浆内粗面内质网增生,合成胶原纤维增加,因而胶原纤维增多。     

Integrating occupancy modeling and interview data for corridor identification: A case study for jaguars in Nicaragua

Corridors are critical elements in the long-term conservation of wide-ranging species like the jaguar (Panthera onca). Jaguar corridors across the range of the species were initially identified using a GIS-based least-cost corridor model. However, due to inherent errors in remotely sensed data and model uncertainties, these corridors warrant field verification before conservation efforts can begin. We developed a novel corridor assessment protocol based on interview data and site occupancy modeling. We divided our pilot study area, in southeastern Nicaragua, into 71, 6 × 6 km sampling units and conducted 160 structured interviews with local residents. Interviews were designed to collect data on jaguar and seven prey species so that detection/non-detection matrices could be constructed for each sampling unit. Jaguars were reportedly detected in 57% of the sampling units and had a detection probability of 28%. With the exception of white-lipped peccary, prey species were reportedly detected in 82–100% of the sampling units. Though the use of interview data may violate some assumptions of the occupancy modeling approach for determining ‘proportion of area occupied’, we countered these shortcomings through study design and interpreting the occupancy parameter, psi, as ‘probability of habitat used’. Probability of habitat use was modeled for each target species using single state or multistate models. A combination of the estimated probabilities of habitat use for jaguar and prey was selected to identify the final jaguar corridor. This protocol provides an efficient field methodology for identifying corridors for easily-identifiable species, across large study areas comprised of unprotected, private lands.     

圈养雄性东北虎春季粪便中皮质醇激素含量的变化及其指示作用

2013年3月上旬至6月底采集黑龙江省东北虎林园圈养东北虎的新鲜粪便,运用酶联免疫法(ELISA)测定圈养雄性东北虎不同年龄组春季粪便中皮质醇的含量。结果表明:壮年雄性虎皮质醇总体水平变化相对平稳,青年雄性虎皮质醇总体水平变化有小幅度的差异(P0.05),3月与4月有显著性差异(P0.05),老年雄性虎皮质醇总体水平变化差异极显著(P0.01);对于环境的改变接受能力最好的是壮年虎,青年虎次之,而老年虎则需要分泌更多的皮质醇来使其适应环境。因此,若对物种进行野化放归,壮年虎可优先考虑。     

东北虎和孟加拉白虎血常规及血液生化指标研究

[目的]探讨不同年龄和性别的东北虎和孟加拉白虎血液生理生化指标。[方法]对新疆天山野生动物园饲养的东北虎和孟加拉白虎进行血液常规及血液生化免疫指标测定。[结果]东北虎绝大多数血液生理指标都低于孟加拉白虎。其中,孟加拉白虎白细胞、红细胞、红细胞比积、红细胞平均血红蛋白浓度、血小板含量都略高于东北虎。雌性东北虎的白细胞、血小板和淋巴细胞含量都高于雄性东北虎。东北虎白蛋白、肌酐、糖等指标略高于孟加拉白虎。除尿素含量高于东北虎外,孟加拉白虎谷丙转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶、磷酸肌酸激酶、α-羟丁酸脱氢酶、乳酸脱氢酶、淀粉酶等代谢酶类指标都高于东北虎。[结论]该研究对于东北虎和孟加拉白虎的饲养繁育及疾病诊治等具有重要意义。     

Fragmented populations of leopards in West-Central Africa: facing an uncertain future

During recent decades, most endangered species have suffered serious population declines. Little has been documented on leopards inWest-Central Africa and as a result the efficiency of protection measures and wildlife managing practices can be questioned. Using 416 occurrences of leopards, we investigated the relationship between different environmental factors and leopard distribution to establish a baseline distribution of this feline. Leopards are mainly present in two large populations: one in a forest habitat, the other in a savanna habitat. Leopard populations were found to be associated with lions and hyaenas but they avoided human disturbances. Regarding potential breeding dispersal, the Gaussian representation showed a clear fragmentation among populations, suggesting that long-term survival of the species could be threatened. We found no area to be exempt from threats. The leopard has, however, declined less than other carnivore species and still shows viable populations. Furthermore, occurrences were found to be significantly more numerous than expected in protected areas, suggesting the relative efficiency of conservation.     

人工饲养幼龄东北虎骨软症的诊治报告

某野生动物园饲养的6只4.5月龄东北虎,出现不愿活动、疼痛等症状,严重者后肢突然瘫痪,甚至出现骨折而死亡的现象。通过对临床症状观察、病原检测、血液常规及生化检查和病死虎腿骨的钙磷锌铁含量的测定,确诊为钙磷失调引起的骨软症。经饲喂活鸡、口服葡萄糖酸钙口服液、调整饲料结构等治疗措施,该病得到了控制。     

Evaluation of non-invasive genetic sampling methods for estimating tiger population size

There is often a conservation need to estimate population abundances of elusive, low-density, wide-ranging carnivore species. Because of logistical constraints, investigators often employ non-invasive ‘captures’ that may involve ‘genetic’ or ‘photographic’ sampling in such cases. Established capture–recapture (CR) methods offer a powerful analytical tool for such data. In this paper, we developed a rigorous combination of captive, laboratory and field-based protocols for identifying individual tigers (Panthera tigris) from fecal DNA. We explored trade-offs between numbers of microsatellite loci used for reliable individual identifications and the need for higher capture rates for robust analyses. Our field surveys of scats were also specifically designed for CR analyses, enabling us to test for population closure, estimate capture probabilities and tiger abundance. Consequently, we could compare genetic capture estimates to results of a ‘photographic capture’ study of tigers at the same site. The estimates using the heterogeneity model (M_h-Jackknife) for fecal DNA survey were [M_t+1 = 26; and ()=66 (12.98)] in close agreement with those from the photographic survey [(M_t+1 = 29; and () = 66 (13.8)]. Our results revealed that designing field surveys of scats explicitly for CR data analyses generate reliable estimates of capture probability and abundance for elusive, low density species such as tigers. The study also highlights the importance of rigorous field survey and laboratory protocols for reliable abundance estimation in contexts where other approaches such as camera-trapping or physical tagging of animals may not be practical options.     

The use of camera traps for estimating tiger and leopard populations in the high altitude mountains of Bhutan

We used camera traps in combination with capture-recapture data analysis to provide the first reliable density estimates for tigers and leopards from the high altitude and rugged terrain in Bhutan’s Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park. Fifty days of camera trapping in each of five study zones collapsed into two trapping blocks, resulted in a sampling effort of 4050 trap days. Camera trapping yielded 17 tiger photos (14 left flanked and 3 right flanked) and 48 leopard photos (25 left flanked and 23 right flanked). Using photos of these left flank, the closed heterogeneous Jackknife Model M_h was the best fit for the capture history data. A capture probability () of 0.04 was obtained for both tigers and leopards, thus generating population size (N) of 8 tigers (SE = 2.12) and 16 leopards (SE = 2.91) with densities of 0.52 tiger 100 km⁻² and 1.04 leopard 100 km⁻². Photographic evidence indicated that tigers and leopards did not overlap in their spatial use of space. Tigers preferred less disturbed areas located further away from settlements, while leopards appeared to be more resilient to disturbances in so far as they were found nearer to human settlements. Camera trapping using a capture-recapture framework was an effective tool for assessing population sizes for tiger and leopard in low density areas such as Bhutan.     

基于Maxent的山西铁桥山省级自然保护区华北豹生境适宜性分析

生境分析对物种保护具有重要的意义。笔者运用Maxent模型分析了48个华北豹地理分布点位和环境变量数据,对山西铁桥山省级自然保护区华北豹生境适宜性进行了评价。结果表明,华北豹生境选择的主要影响因子为:距村庄距离、坡度、距河流距离;生境适宜区主要分布在保护区西部,占总面积的45%.