大白菜雄性不育复等位基因的发现与利用

介绍了大白菜雄性不育复等位基因的发现过程,以及"大白菜核基因雄性不育复等位基因遗传假说"的验证试验结果。提出了不育系的应用模式,介绍了品种、变种和亚种间复等位基因型雄性不育系转育研究结果,以及不育基因分子标记、定位及表达的研究进展。     

甘肃黑猪H-FABP基因克隆、SNPs筛查及生物信息学分析

采用生物信息学方法从分子水平对甘肃黑猪H-FABP基因编码蛋白质的功能和性质进行分析。采用DNA池和直接测序技术对甘肃黑猪H-FABP基因进行SNPs快速筛查及其编码区蛋白质功能预测。结果表明,甘肃黑猪H-FABP基因编码区全长402 bp,编码133个氨基酸残基,共检测出4个SNPs,分别为C⁷³⁴T-Intron1、T¹⁵²C-Exon2、G³⁰A-Intron2、T¹²¹G-Intron2,其中T¹⁵²C-Exon2为错义突变,氨基酸由原来的异亮氨酸(Ile)转变为苏氨酸(Thr)。生物信息学预测发现,甘肃黑猪H-FABP蛋白是一种稳定的亲水蛋白,蛋白质二三级结构均以β-折叠为主的混合型蛋白。     

Bovine SLC11A1 3' UTR SSCP genotype evaluated by a macrophage in vitro killing assay employing a Brucella abortus strain

The 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) of the bovine natural resistance-associated macrophage gene (NRAMP1 or SLC11A1) was genotyped in Colombian Creole Blanco Orejinegro (BON) (Bos taurus) (n = 140) and Zebu Brahman (Bos indicus) (Z) (n = 20) cattle and their crosses (BON x Zebu Brahman [B x Z] [n = 10]; Zebu Brahman x BON [Z x B] [n = 10]), and in animals from a Holstein x BON (H x B) (n = 10) cross. Direct sequencing and single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis (SSCP) helped in detecting the polymorphic behaviour. The association between resistance to brucellosis infection and SSCP genotype was evaluated using a macrophage in vitro killing assay employing a virulent Brucella abortus strain. The 3' UTR (GT) repeated polymorphism was gentoyped and its association with resistance to brucellosis was evaluated. When all breeds were grouped, a high frequency in the homozygote GT(12) (AA genotype) (0.823) and a very low frequency in the homozygote GT(10) (BB genotype) (0.047) were detected. The BON (0.963), Z x B (0.60) and H x B (1.00) cattle showed high GT(12) allele frequencies, unlike that seen for the B x Z and Zebu cattle (0.3002 and 0.218, respectively). The GT(10) allele was only found in the Zebu cattle (0.391). A significant association (p < 0.001) was found between the B. abortus macrophage in vitro killing assay phenotypes and the bovine SLC11A1 3' UTR genotypes, which suggests that the A allele may be associated with resistance. Because only nine animals had the BB genotype, the results require some confirmation in more extensive populations.     

Gene Dropping Analysis of Ancestral Contributions and Allele Survival in Japanese Thoroughbred Population

Genetic contributions of nine historically important ancestors and allelic diversity in the Japanese Thoroughbred population were examined by applying the gene dropping simulation to the foals produced from 1978 to 2005. Full pedigree records traced to ancestors (base animals) born around 1890 were used for the simulation. Alleles originated from some of the historically important ancestors were found to be at risk of future extinction, although their genetic contributions to the foal population have increased during the last three decades. The proportion of surviving alleles to the total alleles assigned to the base animals was 8.0% in the foal population in 2005, suggesting that a large part of genetic variability contained in the base animals is extinct in the current population.     

Effect of VRN‐1 and PPD‐D1 genes on heading time in European bread wheat cultivars

The variation of the vernalization (VRN‐1) and photoperiod (PPD‐1) genes offers opportunities to adjust heading time and to maximize yield in crop species. The effect of these genes on heading time was studied based on a set of 245 predominantly spring cultivars of bread wheat from the main eco‐geographical regions of Europe. The genotypes were screened using previously published diagnostic molecular markers for detecting the dominant or recessive alleles of the major VRN‐1 loci such as: VRN‐A1, VRN‐B1, VRN‐D1 as well as PPD‐D1. We found that 91% of spring wheat cultivars contain the photoperiod sensitive PPD‐D1b allele. Photoperiod insensitive PPD‐D1a allele has been found mainly in southern region of Europe. For this region the monogenic control of vernalization by VRN‐B1 or VRN‐D1 dominant alleles is common, whereas in the remaining part of Europe, the combination of photoperiod sensitive PPD‐D1b allele with dominant VRN‐A1, VRN‐B1 and recessive vrn‐D1 alleles represents the most frequent genotype. Also, we revealed a significantly later (5–8 days) heading of the monogenically dominant genotypes at VRN‐B1 as compared to the digenic VRN‐A1 VRN‐B1 genotypes.     

Gene and haplotype polymorphisms of the Prion gene (PRNP) in Japanese Brown, Japanese native and Holstein cattle

Polymorphisms in the prion protein gene ( PRNP ) are known to be associated with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in human, sheep and goats. There is tentative association between PRNP promoter polymorphism and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) susceptibility in cattle. In this study, we genotyped for six bovine PRNP polymorphic sites including a 23-bp indel in the promoter, a 12-bp indel in the intron 1, two nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), octapeptide repeats in the coding region and a 14-bp indel in the 3'-untranslated region in 178 animals representing Japanese Brown, Kuchinoshima feral, Mishima, Japanese Shorthorn and Holstein. In 64 Japanese Brown cattle, three indel sites were polymorphic. All of the six sites were monomorphic in Kuchinoshima. The 23-bp and 12-bp indel sites were polymorphic in Mishima cattle. The 23-bp and 14-bp indel sites were polymorphic in Japanese Shorthorn cattle. Both SNP sites were monomorphic in all cattle examined in this study. At the 23-bp indel site, the genotype frequencies of Japanese Brown and Holstein breeds were similar to that of BSE affected cattle. We estimated 12 different haplotypes from these genotypic data. A '23-12-K6S14+' haplotype was the major haplotype in all populations, whose frequencies ranged from 0.50 to 1.00.     

Assessment of QoI resistance in Plasmopara viticola oospores

QoI fungicides, inhibitors of mitochondrial respiration at the Qo site of cytochrome b in the mitochondrial bc(1) enzyme complex, are commonly applied in vineyards against Plasmopara viticola (Berk. & MA Curtis) Berl. & De Toni. Numerous treatments per year with QoI fungicides can lead to the selection of resistant strains in the pathogen population owing to the very specific and efficient mode of action. In order to evaluate the resistance risk and its development, two different methods, biological and molecular, were applied to measure the sensitivity of oospores differentiated in vineyards, both treated and untreated with azoxystrobin, from 2000 to 2004. Assays using oospores have the advantage of analysing the sensitivity of bulked samples randomly collected in vineyards, describing accurately the status of resistance at the end of the grapevine growing season. Both methods correlated well in describing the resistance situation in vineyards. QoI resistance was not observed in one vineyard never treated with QoI fungicides. In the vineyard where azoxystrobin had been used in mixture with folpet, the selection of QoI-resistant strains was lower, compared with using solely QoI. In vineyards where QoI treatments have been stopped, a decrease in resistance was generally observed.     

系谱追踪等位变异法分析籼粳交亲本对衍生后代的遗传贡献

利用16个亲本及特异种质92gk729的39个衍生品系为材料,采用221对SSR标记和系谱追踪等位变异法分析祖先亲本在籼粳杂交各衍生世代的遗传贡献。结果表明：（1）在92gk729中有10对SSR引物位点上出现4个祖先亲本杂交重组的特异条带,有5个重组后的特异位点能稳定传递到衍生后代中,有1个重组后的特异位点在亲本及衍生品系中都没有出现;（2） ketan Nangka、嘉南粳、02428、明恢72对92gk729的遗传贡献率分别为15.09％、21.32％、22.78％和34.64％。4个亲本杂交染色体片段重组后能产生新的特异位点,其遗传贡献率是6.17％;（3）4个祖先亲本在每条染色体上对衍生后代遗传贡献的趋势都是随着衍生代数的递增,遗传贡献率逐渐下降。亲本对各世代衍生品系的遗传贡献率为明恢72＞02428＞嘉南粳＞Kenta Nangka ;（4）采用系谱追踪等位变异法进行数据分析,然后对数据进行聚类,发现同一杂交组合的品系、同一系谱分支存在衍生关系的大部分品系聚为一类,后代亲缘关系相近的高代材料聚为一类。说明该法能够较好地反映祖先亲本对后代的遗传贡献。     

Tunisian Potato virus Y isolates with unnecessary pathogenicity towards pepper: support for the matching allele model in eIF4E resistance–potyvirus interactions

The pathogenic properties of Potato virus Y (PVY; genus Potyvirus, family Potyviridae) isolates collected in naturally infected pepper (Capsicum annuum) fields in Tunisia were evaluated against recessive resistance alleles at the pvr2 locus of pepper. Two pathotypes were observed. Pathotype (0,1,3) isolates were able to infect plants carrying the susceptibility allele pvr2⁺, together with pvr2¹/pvr2¹ and pvr2³/pvr2³ plants, but not pvr2²/pvr2² plants. Pathotype (0) isolates were only able to infect pvr2⁺/pvr2⁺ plants. On the other hand, sequence data and phylogenetic analyses revealed three major groups of isolates, each characterized by particular amino acid residues in the central part of the VPg, the pathogenicity factor towards pvr2. Correspondence between pathogenic properties and phylogeny suggested a single evolutionary step for pathogenicity towards the pvr2¹ and pvr2³ resistances, possibly under the selective pressure of pvr2¹. Indeed, 23% of the pepper plants in this area were shown to carry the pvr2¹ resistance, while pvr2³ was not detected. The data suggested that pathogenicity towards pvr2¹ and pvr2³ were not costly for PVY to infect susceptible pepper genotypes and supported the matching allele model for pepper–PVY interactions.     

Allele frequencies of gene polymorphisms related to economic traits in Bos taurus and Bos indicus cattle breeds

Allele frequencies of 10 representative polymorphisms for beef and milk traits were investigated for a total of 240 animals from Bos taurus and Bos indicus breeds, including two Japanese groups (Japanese Black and Japanese Brown), two East Asian groups (Korean and Mongolian), three European groups (Holstein, Angus and Hereford) and a Bos indicus group in South Asia (Myanmar, Laos and Cambodia). The Japanese Black revealed unique genetic construction in GH, FASN and SREBP‐1 and the other Asian populations show intermediate frequencies between European and Japanese populations. The Bos indicus group showed low favorable allele frequencies in most of the genes. The study showed the variability and distribution of 10 genes affecting economic traits among world representative cattle breeds. The genetic information would contribute to elucidating the genetic background for worldwide cattle breeds and the possibility of improvement using the markers.