Polymers and polymer building blocks from meadowfoam oil

Meadowfoam oil methyl ester was metathetically cleaved with ethylene catalyzed by Re₂O₇–B₂O₃/Al₂O₃–SiO₂ + SnBu₄ or bis(tricyclohexyl phosphine) benzylidene ruthenium dichloride yielding -olefins, ,ω-dienes and 5-hexenoic acid methyl ester as the main product. The corresponding ω-epoxy fatty acid ester was achieved by chemoenzymatic epoxidation with H₂O₂ in the presents of Novozym^® 435. Glutaric acid mono methyl ester was synthesized by ruthenium-catalyzed oxidative cleavage with peracetic acid. Hydrocarboxylation with carbon monoxide/methanol yielded pimelic acid dimethyl ester. Metathetical dimerization of 5-hexenoic acid methyl ester yielded 5-decen-dioic acid dimethyl ester, which was subsequently polycondensed with ethylene glycole and 1,4-butanediol to high molecular weight polyesters. The ω-unsaturated ester was directly copolymerized with ethylene by an insertion-type palladium-catalyzed reaction to a high molecular weight functional polyolefin. The 5-epoxy hexanoic acid ester was polymerized to a comb like polyether.     

Toxicological and metabolic parameters of the teleost fish (Leporinus obtusidens) in response to commercial herbicides containing clomazone and propanil

Pesticides, such as herbicides can affect the metabolic and toxicological parameters on fish. For this reason, an experiment was carried out with the objective of to evaluate the effects of commercial formulations of clomazone and propanil herbicides on acetylcholinesterase (AChE), thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), catalase (CAT) and metabolic parameters in teleost fish (Leporinus obtusidens). Fish were exposed during 90 days to field measured concentration of the herbicides clomazone and propanil (376 and 1644 μg/L, respectively) on rice paddy water. Specific AChE activity in the brain and muscle decreased and TBARS levels decreased in brain, muscle and liver tissues. Liver catalase decreased after exposure to both herbicides. Metabolic parameters in the liver and white muscle showed different changes after exposure to both herbicides. In summary, the results showed that clomazone and propanil affects toxicological and metabolic parameters of piavas. These results suggest that environmentally relevant herbicides concentrations are toxic to Leporinus obtusidens.     

Effect of fenvalerate on oxidative stress biomarkers in the brackish water prawn Penaeus monodon

The toxicity of fenvalerate to the prawn Penaeus monodon was evaluated using biomarkers of stress. In a preliminary bioassay test, P. monodon was exposed to a series of fenvalerate concentrations, which showed 4, 6.5 and 8.5 μg L⁻¹ to be sublethal, median lethal and lethal, respectively. Sublethal effect of fenvalerate was further evaluated in hepatopancreas, muscle and gills of prawns with reference to oxidative stress biomarkers. Significant induction of lipid peroxidation and glutathione-S-transferase activity was found in hepatopancreas, muscle and gills of prawns exposed to fenvalerate when compared to control (P < 0.001, P < 0.05 and P < 0.05). On the contrary, the activities of Superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, vitamin C, vitamin E and glutathione were found to be reduced in the experimental group of prawns when compared to control. The results suggest that the animals were under oxidative stress when exposed to sublethal concentration of fenvalerate.     

Banana Prevents Plasma Oxidative Stress in Healthy Individuals

There is increasing evidence that lipid peroxidation and oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein (LDL) is important in atherogenesis. The present study was designed to study the effects of a single banana meal on plasma lipids and lipoprotein profile, plasma oxidative stress and susceptibility of LDL to oxidation in 20 healthy volunteers. Lipid and lipid peroxide (LPO) levels were measured before the meal (baseline, fasting) and 2 h after it (post-dose). The susceptibility to copper-induced oxidation of baseline and post-dose LDL was measured as conjugated diene (CD) formation. Results showed that the LPO contents in plasma, very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), LDL and high density lipoprotein (HDL) decreased significantly in the 2 h post-dose phase. Prolongation of lag phase and decrease of CD formation during LDL oxidation indicated that post-dose LDL was less susceptible to oxidative modification than the homologous fasting LDL. In conclusion, the consumption of banana reduces the plasma oxidative stress and enhances the resistance to oxidative modification of LDL.     

Sinomenine reduces MPP+-induced damage in SK-N-SH cells via ANRIL/miR-626 signaling pathway

AIM To investigate the effect of sinomenine (SN) on the damage of human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells induced by 1-methyl-4-4 phenylpyridine (MPP⁺) and its mechanism for exploring the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease. METHODS SN was used to treat MPP⁺-induced SK-N-SH cells. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) in cell culture supernatants were measured by ELISA. The apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry. The protein expression levels of Bcl-2 and Bax were determined by Western blot. The expression levels of long noncoding RNA ANRIL and microRNA-626 (miR-626) were detected by RT-qPCR. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was used to evaluate the relationship between ANRIL and miR-626. After ANRIL small interfering RNA was transfected into SK-N-SH cells, the effects of ANRIL expression knock-down on MPP⁺-induced SK-N-SH cell apoptosis, the protein expression levels of Bcl-2 and Bax, and the levels of MDA and GSH in cell culture supernatants were examined. RESULTS After treatment with MPP⁺, the apoptotic rate, Bax protein level and ANRIL expression in SK-N-SH cells were increased (P<0.05), and the Bcl-2 protein level and miR-626 expression were decreased (P<0.05). The level of MDA in cell culture supernatants was increased (P<0.05), and the level of GSH was decreased (P<0.05). After SN treatment or ANRIL expression knock-down, decreased apoptotic rate, Bax protein level and ANRIL expression (P<0.05), and increased Bcl-2 protein level and miR-626 expression in MPP⁺-induced SK-N-SH cells were observed (P<0.05). The level of MDA in the cell culture supernatants was decreased (P<0.05), and the level of GSH was increased (P<0.05). CONCLUSION SN attenuates MPP⁺-induced damage in SK-N-SH cells by regulating ANRIL/miR-626 signaling pathway.     

Effects of oxidative stress and inflammatory response on kidney injury in mice with hyperthyroidism

AIM To explore the effects of oxidative stress and inflammatory response on kidney injury induced by hyperthyroidism in mice. METHODS Forty male Kunming mice were randomly divided into control group （n=20） and L-thyroxine （T4） group （n=20）. The mice in T4 group were intraperitoneally injected with T4 diluent at a dose of 1 mg/kg to induce hyperthyroidism, and those in control group were injected with normal saline of the same volume. After 7 weeks, the mice were weighed and dissected, the kidneys were removed and weighed, and the length of tibia was also measured. The activity of superoxide dismutase （SOD） and the content of malondialdehyde （MDA） in the kidney tissues were detected. The pathological changes of the kidney tissues were observed by HE staining. The levels of 4-hydroxynonenal （4-HNE）-modified proteins, interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 （IRAK1） and tumor necrosis factor receptor-related factor 6 （TRAF6） were determined by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Compared with control group, the body weight of the mice was decreased, while the kidney size and weight were increased significantly in T4 group. In addition, the ratios of kidney weight/body weight and kidney weight/tibia length were also increased （P<0.05）. In T4 group, the renal tubules were enlarged, and the epithelial cells of renal tubules were swollen and exfoliated, with vacuolar degeneration. Furthermore, reduced SOD activity, and increased MDA content and 4-HNE-modified proteins were found in T4 group, all of which were related to oxidative stress （P<0.05）. The levels of inflammation-related proteins IRAK1 and TRAF6 were significantly increased in T4 group （P<0.05）. CONCLUSION Excessive T4 may lead to kidney hypertrophy and injury in mice, and the mechanism may be related to oxidative stress and inflammatory response.     

Curcumin attenuates rat lung ischemia/reperfusion injury by interfering with autophagy

AIM To investigate the role of curcumin （CUR） in lung ischemia/reperfusion （I/R） injury （LIRI） and its relationship with autophagy. METHODS 40 SD rats were randomly divided into sham operation （sham） group, I/R group, solvent （DMSO） group, CUR group and CUR+rapamycin （CUR-Rap） group. The rats were intraperitoneally injected with normal saline, DMSO, CUR or CUR+Rap before operation. After the rat LIRI model was established, the lung tissues were taken to measure W/D, TLW, IAR, and the contents of SOD and MDA were also measured to indicate the oxidative stress level. Light and electron microscopes were used to observed the morphology and ultrastrucure of lung tissues. The expression levels of autophagy-related proteins were determined by Western blot to evaluate autophagy levels. RESULTS Compared with sham group, wet weight/dry weight （W/D）, total lung water （TLW）, injured alveoli rate（IAR） and malondialdehyde （MDA） content in all other groups were increased, superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity was decreased, the levels of autophagy were increased （P<0.05）, and lung tissue injury and cell ultrastructural damage were aggravated in CUR group. Compared with DMSO group, W/D, TLW and IAR and MDA content were decreased, SOD activity was decreased, autophagy levels were also decreased （P<0.05）, and lung tissue and cell ultrastructural damage were attenuated. Compared with CUR group, W/D, TLW, IAR and MDA content were increased, SOD activity declined, the autophagy levels were increased （P<0.05）, and damage of lung tissues and cells were more serious in CUR-Rap group. CONCLUSION Curcumin attenuates the lung I/R injury in rats, and its mechanism may be related to the reduction of oxidative stress and the inhibition of autophagy.     

不同游泳运动对菊黄东方鲀非特异性免疫的影响

通过水槽实验法,观察了菊黄东方鲀的游泳行为,测量了其爆发游速及临界游速,同时观察了鱼体过氧化氢酶、溶菌酶、超氧化物歧化酶等的活性变化,分析了游泳对菊黄东方鲀免疫力影响,为菊黄东方鲀的健康养殖及科学的增殖放流提供参考。结果表明:体长在（18.1-19.8）cm的菊黄东方鲀的临界游速在45-62cm/s,体长在（18.8-20.6）cm的菊黄东方鲀的爆发游速为（58.5-78.2）cm/s;与对照组相比,爆发游速实验组菊黄东方鲀肝脏过氧化氢酶、溶菌酶、超氧化物歧化酶的活性均高于对照实验组菊黄东方鲀（P?0.05）;临界游速实验组菊黄东方鲀溶菌酶高于对照组（P?0.05）,血液中的超氧化物歧化酶和肝脏过氧化氢酶的活性没有显著变化(P>0.05)。研究表明,急性应激反应对超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、溶菌酶的活性影响较大。     

日粮中维生素E、硒水平对熟化过程中牛肉氧化稳定性的影响

研究了日粮维生素E、硒水平对熟化过程中牛肉氧化稳定性的影响。选择16头体重420～560kg的健康晋南牛阉牛,按体重分为4组,每组4头,试验期为2个月。试验采用2×2因子完全随机设计:维生素E的补饲水平为每头每天0和1000IU,硒的添加水平为0 10和0 40mg/kg。结果表明:与未补饲VE组相比,补饲1000IUVE可显著提高血浆和臀中肌α 生育酚含量(P<0 004),日粮中添加0 10和0 40mg/kg硒对组织α 生育酚含量影响差异不显著(P>0 05);日粮中添加0 40mg/kg硒组全血和臀中肌硒含量显著高于0 10mg/kg组(P<0 002);补饲1000IUVE和/日粮中添加0 40mg/kg硒可显著提高全血GPx(谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶)和熟化过程中臀中肌GPx酶活力(P<0 01),但对组织SOD(超氧化物歧化酶)酶活力影响差异不显著(P>0 05);补饲1000IUVE可显著抑制熟化过程中牛肉的脂质氧化(P<0 001),对牛肉的保水性能和颜色稳定性影响差异不显著(P>0 05);虽然提高日粮硒水平可明显增强熟化过程中牛肉GPx酶活力,但GPx酶活力的提高没有降低牛肉的TBARS值、滴水损失和METMB(高铁肌红蛋白)含量,该结果提示不同日粮硒水平对牛肉氧化稳定性没有显著影响。