国内外有机肥标准对比及风险评价

中国是人口最多的发展中国家,生产生活中产生的有机废弃物数量巨大,堆制有机肥是降低有机废物污染风险的重要方式,而有机肥标准则是防止有机肥成为新的土壤污染源,规范有机肥产业健康发展的重要保障。目前我国有机肥不合格现象时有发生,针对有机堆肥的标准仅有一个8年前的行业标准（NY 525—2012）的现状,本文对比了中国、日本、澳大利亚、欧盟、美国有机肥标准的重要指标,对存在的重金属残留、抗生素污染、病原体污染、营养富集及土壤盐渍化等有机肥质量安全风险问题进行分析,为我国有机肥行业未来绿色、健康、可持续发展提出建议。尽管我国现有有机肥质量标准,在具体指标要求方面优于美国,但和欧盟相比还有差距,比如我国重金属Cu、Zn、Ni限量缺失,对Cd等重金属限值要求不够严格,长期施用会导致土壤重金属含量超过风险筛选值,严重影响农作物安全;同时,由于部分畜禽养殖业不合理使用抗生素,加之有机肥生产企业技术的欠缺,农户施用时缺乏指导,监管部门执法不严等因素,我国有机肥施用过程存在较大风险隐患。因此,进一步完善有机肥标准体系,强化对原料中有毒有害物质的限制,要求选用原料批批检,加大准入和过程的落实力度,才能保障我国有机肥产业有序健康发展。     

NaCl对转P5 CS基因水稻种子萌发的影响

脯氨酸是植物体内非常重要的渗透调节化合物,它的积累可增加植物对干旱、盐碱的耐受能力。P5CS(Δ1-吡咯啉-5-羧基合成酶基因)在植物中催化脯氨酸生物合成的前两部反应,其活性受到脯氨酸含量的反馈抑制。本研究对转P5CS基因的水稻T4代种子与对照在不同浓度的NaCl胁迫下的萌发进行试验。结果表明,随着NaCl浓度的增高,种子萌发受到的抑制越大,但在100 mmol/L时转P5CS的种子萌发率、生理指标、ABA、脯氨酸和可溶性糖的含量显著高于对照,但可溶性蛋白低于对照。说明转P5CS基因的水稻有显著的耐NaCl胁迫作用。     

Einfluss eisenhaltiger Klärschlämme auf Kenngrößen der P‐Verfügbarkeit in Ackerböden

Influence of iron content in sewage sludges on parameters of phosphate availability in arable soils The use of iron salts for the P elimination in sewage plants is widely used. But it is not clear whether the P availability in arable soils is negatively influenced by iron compounds or not. The aim of the investigations was, therefore, to study the influence of two sewage sludges with a high and a low Fe content respectively on P sorption and phosphate concentration (P_i) in the soil solution after application of CaHPO₄ or sewage sludge to 5 loamy and 4 sandy soils (pot experiments and 1 silty loam (field experiment)). Soils were analyzed 1, 6, and 13 months after P application. Sludge Gö contained 12 kg P and 65 kg Fe (t DM)^—1 (P : Fe = 1 : 5.4) and sludge Sh 25 kg P and 39 kg Fe (t DM)^—1 (P : Fe = 1 : 1.5). The basic P application was 60 kg P ha^—1 (= 30 mg P (kg soil)^—1 in the pot experiment, as sludge or as CaHPO₄). P uptake by maize was determined in a separate pot experiment with a loamy soil and the same P application rate. The P sorption capacity remained similar in all soils after application of sludge Sh (P : Fe = 1:1.5) compared with soils without sludge, however, after application of sludge Gö the P sorption increased by 16% (0—59%). After application of sludge Sh the mean P_i concentration increased in loamy soils by 34% and in sandy soils by 15%. On the other hand the P_i concentration decreased after applying sludge Gö by 13% and 36% as compared to the controls of the respective soils. In the field experiment the P_i concentration of plots with a high P level (50 mg lactate soluble P (kg soil)^—1) was also significantly decreased after application of 10 t sludge Gö (126 kg P ha^—1) in comparison with triple phosphate. One month after the application of increasing amounts of sludge Gö (5, 10, 15 t DM ha^—1) both the concentration of oxalate‐soluble Fe in the soil and the P sorption were increased. The elevated relationship between these two parameters was highly significant (r² = 0.6 — 0.97). Plant uptake of P was less after application of sludge Gö than after application of sludge Sh and much less than P uptake from CaHPO₄. Sewage sludges with a P : Fe ratio of 1 : 5 should not be recommended for agricultural use, as the P availability is significantly reduced. Iron salts should not be used for conditioning of sludges.     

加快青海省有机畜牧业发展的对策与建议

对青海省有机畜牧业发展的意义及对策措施进行探讨,以期为有关部门提供决策参考。     

Should spring wheat breeding for organically managed systems be conducted on organically managed land?

Organic spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) producers in the northern Great Plains use cultivars which have been bred for conventional management systems or heritage cultivars released before the widespread use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. To investigate the feasibility of organic wheat breeding and to determine common genetic parameters for each system, we used a random population of 79 F₆-derived recombinant inbred sister lines from a cross between the Canadian hard red spring wheat cultivar AC Barrie and the CIMMYT derived cultivar Attila. The population, including the parents, was grown on conventionally and organically managed land for 3 years. Heritability estimates differed between systems for 6 of the 14 traits measured, including spikes m⁻², plant height, test weight, 1,000 kernel weight, grain protein, and days to anthesis. Direct selection in each management system (10% selection intensity) resulted in 50% or fewer lines selected in common for nine traits, including grain yield, grain protein, spikes m⁻², and grain fill duration. The results of this study suggest that indirect selection (in conventionally managed trials) of spring wheat destined for organically managed production would not result in the advance of the best possible lines in a breeding program. This implies that breeding spring wheat specific to organic agriculture should be conducted on organically managed land.     

金黄色葡萄球菌及其肠毒素等指标在发酵牛肉加工过程中变化规律的研究

作者对自然状态发酵牛肉、接种金黄色葡萄球菌的发酵牛肉和接种发酵剂(植物乳杆菌、戊糖片球菌)与金黄色葡萄球菌的发酵牛肉中金黄色葡萄球菌及其肠毒素等指标在加工过程中的变化规律做了研究。研究结果表明,自然发酵牛肉中没有金黄色葡萄球菌及其肠毒素;接种发酵剂和金黄色葡萄球菌的发酵牛肉中金黄色葡萄球菌先是上升然后快速下降,且金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素为阴性;接种金黄色葡萄球菌的发酵牛肉中金黄色葡萄球菌及其肠毒素都显著高于接种发酵剂的发酵牛肉(P＜0.05)。由试验结果可知,发酵剂植物乳杆菌和戊糖片球菌对金黄色葡萄球菌有很强的抑制作用。     

后备荣昌母猪适宜消化能和赖氨酸需要量研究

旨在探讨研究35～55 kg后备荣昌母猪适宜日粮消化能(DE)与表观可消化赖氨酸(ADLys)水平。选用(34.45±4.53)kg后备荣昌母猪216头,随机分为12个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复3头。采用3×4因子设计,日粮DE分别为11.72、12.34和12.97 MJ/kg,ADLys分别为0.43%、0.53%、0.63%和0.73%。结果表明:随着日粮DE水平的提高,试验猪日增重显著提高(P0.05),饲料增重比显著降低(P0.05),P2背膘厚显著增加(P0.01),母猪发情率呈现上升趋势(P0.1)。日粮Lys水平提高使血清尿素氮含量呈现上升趋势(P0.1)。在本试验条件下,35～55 kg后备荣昌母猪适宜日粮DE和ADLys水平分别为12.97MJ/kg和0.43%。     

氮磷的不同供应比例和频度对藻类水华形成的影响

为了探讨氮磷的不同供应比例和频度对藻类水华形成的影响,本研究设计了7种氮磷添加比例（质量比）：只添加氮（以＋N表示）、50：1、20：1、7：1,1：1、1：7和只添加磷（以＋P表示）;2种添加频度：频度较大的L系列（实验前期每日均进行添加）,频度较小的S系列（只在实验过程中添加1次）。两种添加频度下,相同添加比例的处理的营养盐添加量相近。在处理＋N、50：1、20：1、7：1和1：1中以N浓度为基准进行相应比例的P添加,在处理1：1、1：7和＋P中以P浓度为基准进行相应比例的N添加。在1：1处理缸中N、P净增加均约为2.4mg·L-1。实验水体来自一个浮游植物丰富但没有微囊藻水华的天然富营养池塘。实验于2007年8月1日—8月13日在室外采用玻璃缸进行。结果表明,两种添加频度以及不同氮磷添加比例下,实验过程中出现的水华种类均为微囊藻（Microcysti sspp.）水华,没有固氮藻类水华出现。在两种不同添加频度下,微囊藻水华在处理＋N、50：1、20：1、7：1和1：1中明显形成,而处理＋P和1：7中,微囊藻水华的出现会晚几天或者水华现象不明显,这表明本实验中单独添加氮比单独添加磷对微囊藻水华形成的促进作用要明显些。水体中微囊藻水华的出现与适宜的氮磷比例添加有关,氮磷添加比例适宜时,两种不同的添加频度下均可出现微囊藻水华,但氮磷营养盐的不同添加比例和频度均没有导致固氮藻类水华的出现。     

宣威市紫色土辣椒氮磷钾肥配比试验研究

对紫色土辣椒氮、磷、钾适宜施用量研究表明，紫色土氮磷钾肥对辣椒产量的影响顺序是磷肥〉氮肥〉钾肥。磷是限制辣椒产量的主导因子。在施用菜籽饼肥600kg／hm^2，折N31．2kg／hm^2、P2O5 11.7kg／hm^2、K2O 8．1kg／hm^2的基础上，辣椒产量≥20400kg／hm^2的氮磷钾优化组合施肥范围：N=113．9～204．6kg／hm^2，P2O5=145．9～177．2kg／hm^2，K2O=49．3～153．8kg／hm^2，N：P2O5：K2O=1：0．87～1．28：0．43～0．75。建议氮、磷、钾肥适宜用量为：N159．2kg／hm^2，P2O5 161．5kg／hm^2，K2O 101．5kg／hm^2，N：P2O5：K2O=1：1．01：0．64，辣椒最高产量预测值为21961．5kg／hm^2，施肥利润5417．7元／hm^2，投产比1：5．00。适量的氮、磷、钾营养使得养分比例平衡，有利于增加辣椒收果数，提高鲜椒产量，从而增加效益。     

Can mineral and organic fertilization help sequestrate carbon dioxide in cropland?

The soil organic matter content represents a huge reservoir of plant nutrients and an effective safeguard against pollution; beside it can sequestrate atmospheric CO₂. Since 1966 up to now in the Southeast Po valley (Italy), the soil organic C (SOC) and total N (TN) dynamics in the 0–0.40 m soil layer under a maize–wheat rainfed rotation are studied as influenced by organic and mineral N fertilizations. Every year in the same plots cattle manure, cattle slurry, and crop residues (i.e. wheat straw and maize stalk) are ploughed under to 0.40 m depth at a same dry matter rate (6.0 and 7.5 t DM ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ after wheat and maize, respectively) and are compared to an unamended control. Each plot is splitted to receive four rates of mineral fertilizer (0–100–200–300 kg N ha⁻¹). In the whole experiment, in 2000 SOC concentration was lower than in 1966 (6.77 and 7.72 g kg⁻¹, respectively), likely for the deeper tillage that diluted SOC and favoured mineralization in deeper soil layer. From 1972 to 2000 SOC stock did not change in the control and N fertilized plots, while it increased at mean rates of 0.16, 0.18, and 0.26 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ with the incorporation of residues, slurry and manure, corresponding to sequestration efficiencies of 3.7, 3.8 and 8.1% of added C with the various materials. TN followed the same SOC dynamic, demonstrating how it depends on the soil organic matter. Manure thus confirmed its efficacy in increasing both SOC content and soil fertility on the long-term. In developed countries, however, this material has become scarcely available; slurry management is expensive and implies high environmental risks. Moreover, in a C balance at a farm (or regional) scale, the CO₂ lost during manure and slurry stocking should be considered. For these reasons, the incorporation of cereal residues, even if only a little of their C content was found capable of soil accumulation, appears the best way to obtain a significant CO₂ sequestration in developed countries. Our long-term experiment clearly shows how difficult it is to modify SOC content. Moreover, because climate and soil type can greatly influence SOC dynamic, to increase CO₂ sequestration in cropland, it is important to optimize the fertilization within an agricultural management that includes all the agronomic practices (e.g. tillage, water management, cover crops, etc.) favouring the organic matter build up in the soil.