日粮有机螯合锰添加水平对妊娠期水貂营养物质消化率及氮代谢的影响

本试验旨在研究日粮有机螯合锰添加水平对妊娠期水貂营养物质消化率及氮代谢的影响。试验采用单因子试验设计,选取150只健康成年雌性水貂,根据随机区组法分成5组,每组设30个重复,每个重复1只水貂。基础日粮中各组锰添加水平分别为0(Ⅰ组)、15(Ⅱ组)、50(Ⅲ组)、100(Ⅳ组)和500 mg/kg(Ⅴ组),锰以有机螯合锰形式添加。结果表明,妊娠期水貂的基础日粮中添加有机螯合锰水平为50 mg/kg时干物质表观消化率、蛋白质表观消化率最高,添加100 mg/kg时脂肪表观消化率达到最高;日粮有机螯合锰添加水平在100 mg/kg时对妊娠期水貂氮沉积、净蛋白质利用率和蛋白质生物学价值均最高,与0、500 mg/kg组相比差异显著(P＜0.05)。因此,在妊娠期水貂基础日粮中添加有机螯合锰的适宜范围为50~100 mg/kg。     

不同营养液下尾巨桉幼苗生长及生理特性的变化

采用砂培的方法研究不同营养液配比下尾巨桉幼苗生长及生理特性的变化。结果表明：不同营养液配比对尾巨桉幼苗生长及生理特性有显著影响,高氮处理下尾巨桉幼苗苗高、地径和总生物量显著高于中氮和低氮处理,低磷处理对苗高和地径生长促进作用明显;尾巨桉幼苗叶片净光合速率（Pn）随着氮水平的提高而升高,而随着磷、钾水平的提高呈现先升高后下降的趋势;随着时间的变化（4~6月）,尾巨桉幼苗叶片中叶绿素及可溶性糖含量变化趋势相反,高氮磷钾能够显著提高叶绿素含量,中氮水平能够显著提高叶片中可溶性糖含量。不同营养液配比下尾巨桉幼苗生长及生理特性分析表明：高氮低磷中钾处理下尾巨桉幼苗在生长及生理特性方面均有较好表现。     

盐碱环境下火龙果生长过程中果实主要营养元素含量变化

在盐碱环境下,对白肉火龙果果实生长过程中氮、磷、钾、钙、镁和钠等营养元素的动态变化进行观察、测定和分析。结果表明:氮、磷、钾和镁含量的变化趋势相似,总体呈"倒N"型变化,钙含量的变化在整个生长过程中始终保持下降趋势,钠含量波动较大。在不同生长阶段,氮、磷、钾、钙、镁和钠等营养元素含量变异系数较大,从27.60%～43.52%。果实中氮、磷、钾、钙、镁和钠含量累积的峰值均出现在花后30 d,分别为682.22、83.11、993.92、55.73、107.04和11.94 mg,在花后6～15 d及26～30 d累积速率较快。该研究结果为指导盐碱环境下火龙果的高效栽培利用提供参考。     

Review of Nutrient Management in Freshwater Polyculture

Abstract

One of the most important issues concerning fish-pond fertilization is the determination of the optimal amount of fertilizer to be applied to the pond system. Another important concern is the suitability of fish species for polyculture in order to optimize production. The dynamics of nutrients, phytoplankton, and fish is a complex subject and practitioners are often compelled to formulate solutions without detailed scientific and practical consideration. The primary objective of pond fertilization is to maintain an optimal nutrient concentration for sustained biological production. Current fertilization practices in the Asia-Pacific region include: a fixed rate of fertilization and fertilization based on water color. Individual pond ecology determines how fertilization affects pond productivity, not the pond's physical location in relation to international borders. There is no universal recipe of “maximal” fertilization rates due to pond-specific variability. There is also no clear guide in the literature with regard to many aspects of fish-food; the type of organisms consumed, mechanisms of food consumption, and the digestibility and nutritive value of plankton. The usual practice is to divide fish according to their foraging in natural habitats; feeding on phytoplankton, zooplankton, zoo benthos, or detritus. The distinction between different feeding habits is not always absolute as many species of fish may change food preference depending on the abundance of different food items. This paper reviews the nutrient (nitrogen, N and phosphorus, P) management in regard to pond fertilization; use of organic and inorganic fertilizer and the impacts on fish production; use of organic fertilizer from different organisms (pig, cow and buffalo) and their interactions with primary production and water quality; optimum N:P concentration in pond water; and individual pond factors and their influence on fish production. A significant interaction was evident with time between water quality variables such as pH and alkalinity, and other factors, including manure type and fish species composition. This was reflected in the difference between pig and cow manure treatments. A significant interaction between species composition and fish production has been demonstrated. Fish survival and biomass production was influenced by the stocking ratio of the: rohu, Labeo rohita; mrigal, Cirrhinus mrigala; and Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. The recommended nutrient level for pond fertilization based on the South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI) and Research Institute for Aquaculture No. 1 (RIA#1) study is 1 ppm N:0.5 ppm P. The required quantity of fertilizer varies significantly with time. However, regional research is highly recommended to optimize fish production focusing on significant climate variability, which affects both primary and secondary production.     

Effects of dietary carbohydrate/lipid ratios on growth performance,body composition and glucose metabolism of fingerling blunt snout bream Megalobrama amblycephala

This study aimed to investigate the optimum dietary carbohydrate/lipid (CHO/L) ratio for fingerling blunt snout bream Megalobrama amblycephala (average initial weight: 6.61 ± 0.03 g). Six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated to contain various CHO/L ratios ranging from 1.62 to 24.20. Each diet was tested in four replicates for 10 weeks. Specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio and nitrogen and energy retention all improved significantly (P < 0.05) as dietary CHO/L ratios decreased from 24.20 to 5.64 but showed little difference (P > 0.05) as dietary CHO/L ratios ranged from 2.45 to 5.64. Hepatosomatic index increased significantly (P < 0.05) as dietary CHO/L ratios increased, whereas intraperitoneal fat ratio showed an opposite trend (P < 0.05). Opposite to moisture content, lipid content of whole body and carcass all increased significantly (P < 0.05) as dietary CHO/L ratios decreased. Liver lipid content showed little difference (P > 0.05) among all the treatments, while liver glycogen content increased significantly (P < 0.05) with increasing CHO/L ratios. High dietary carbohydrate enhanced the activities of liver hexokinase, pyruvate kinase and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase but did not induce hyperglycaemia. Based on the second‐order polynomial regression analysis of SGR, the optimal dietary carbohydrate and lipid contents for fingerling blunt snout bream were 291.7 and 81.4 g kg⁻¹, respectively, with a corresponding dietary CHO/L ratio of 3.58.     

云南松与旱冬瓜混交林林地土壤养分及细根、叶片养分特征

为了探讨云南松与旱冬瓜混交对养分的利用情况,对云南松纯林、云南松与旱冬瓜混交林分、旱冬瓜纯林3种林分类型进行了林地土壤及叶片、根系养分质量分数的测定分析.结果表明:云南松与旱冬瓜混交林地土壤表层土的有机质、有效磷、水解氮、有效钾、全氮、全磷、全钾、交换性钙、镁离子等肥力指标都比纯林高,pH值也发生了变化,介于云南松纯林...     

西藏“一江两河”农业生态系统养分结构分析及平衡研究

对西藏＂一江两河＂流域18县市区农业生态系统氮、磷、钾三要素输入、输出结构及其平衡状况进行分析,结果表明：本区域养分处于亏缺状态,氮、磷、钾分别亏缺52.551、0.89、55.74 kg/hm2。为提高本区农业生态系统生产力,应重视有机肥的投入,调整施用化肥的氮、磷、钾比例,特别要加大钾肥的施用量。     

黄河淤背区济南段土地主要养分与理化性状浅析

近年来,淤背区土地开发利用作为一项经济产业发展迅猛,但经济效益不高等问题依然十分突出。对黄河济南段部分淤背区主要养分与理化性状进行的调查研究表明,在相距40 km范围内,淤背区的土壤质地、肥力以及水分涵养等各项指标距农田指标相差甚远,土地质量较差,覆土层厚度均小于45 cm,有机质、水解氮、有效磷、速效钾平均含量分别为6.2、18.13、2.05、119.95 mg/kg,微量元素普遍匮乏。必须加厚壤土层,并通过生物措施和工程措施对新生地进行较长期的改良,培肥地力,才能逐步改造成良田。     

村域代谢中生活垃圾现状研究及处置技术探析

提出了村域代谢的概念和农村生活垃圾处理的新模式,为新农村的发展提供了理论基础。     

基于蔗糖代谢基因多态性的甘蔗基因型遗传多样性

[目的]探讨利用基于蔗糖代谢酶基因多态性的目标区域扩增多态性(target region amplificationpolymorphism,TRAP)标记进行甘蔗遗传多样性、遗传距离及遗传距离与糖分表型值关联性分析的可行性.[方法]利用4个根据参与蔗糖代谢酶基因SuSy、SPS,SAI和PPDK设计的锚定引物和9个随机引物,筛选具有多态性的17对引物组合,对28个糖分性状表型不同的甘蔗基因型进行TRAP标记,通过分子标记数据,估算不同基因型蔗糖代谢基因的遗传变异和遗传距离,并进行聚类分析.[结果]共扩增出170个条带,其中109个为多态性条带,多态性比率为64.1%,平均每个引物组合产生10个条带,6.4个多态性条带.在所测试的28个甘蔗基因型中,基于蔗糖代谢酶基因多态性所估计的遗传相异系数(genetic dissimilarity,GD)为0.12-O.80.基于GD的UPGMA聚类结果显示,在GD=O.49处,供试基因型可被划分为4类,但就所采集的特定时期的锤度数据而言,类间和类内的锤度表型值没有明显的规律.[结论]甘蔗不同基因型间4个蔗糖代谢酶基因遗传变异较高,多态性丰富,暗示TRAP技术在评价甘蔗蔗糖分性状方面具有应用潜力,但与锤度表型值数据的关联性还有待进一步 研究.