多酚与膳食成分的相互作用及应用研究进展

多酚具有多种生物活性,但由于其稳定性差,限制了应用。综述了多酚与膳食成分通过非共价和/或共价相互作用形成的二元和三元体系, 包括膳食成分对酚类物质稳定性和生物利用度的影响,以及膳食成分的理化性质和功能性质等方面的变化, 并总结了近年来多酚-膳食成分复合物在递送系统、乳液、包装材料和食品保鲜加工方面的应用,以期为多酚膳食化合物的设计与应用提供参考。     

黄鳍鲷幼鱼对几种不同糖源的利用

本研究用来评价黄鳍鲷幼鱼对饲料中葡萄糖、麦芽糖、糊精、玉米淀粉和预糊化玉米淀粉的利用。本试验饲料为6种等氮(粗蛋白:45%,干重)等脂(粗脂肪:9%,干重)的半纯化饲料,其中对照组糖源为纤维素。每种饲料设3个平行。试验鱼初始体重为(3.57±0.13)g(平均值±均差)。试验鱼饲养在含18个水族箱的循环系统中。水温保持在(27±1)℃。试验周期为8周。本试验用来评价黄鳍鲷幼鱼对饲料中不同糖源利用的指标为生长指标、饲料效率、蛋白质效率和肝脏的6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶、苹果酸脱氢酶、异柠檬酸脱氢酶和葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶。试验结果表明,黄鳍鲷幼鱼体增重、特定生长率、肝体比、肠系膜脂肪体比、饲料效率、蛋白质效率、肝脂肪合成有关酶活性和全鱼、肌肉、肝脏组成均受到饲料中不同糖源的显著影响。预糊化玉米淀粉和麦芽糖组比其它糖源组显著具有更好的体增重和特定生长率,但与对照组没有显著性差异。黄鳍鲷幼鱼生长和体增重与饲料中糖源的复杂性没有相关性。饲喂预糊化淀粉和对照饲料鱼的饲料效率和蛋白质效率显著比其它组高。饲料中糖的添加增加了黄鳍鲷幼鱼的肝体比,但对照组肝体比与糊精组,玉米淀粉组没有显著性差异。预糊化玉米淀粉组肠系膜脂肪体比比其它饲料组要高。结论:基于体增重和特定生长率为指标,饲料中添加25%预糊化玉米淀粉和麦芽糖可以提高黄鳍鲷幼鱼的生长。另外,玉米淀粉预糊化显著提高了黄鳍鲷对玉米淀粉的利用。     

云南松幼苗非结构性碳水化合物对干旱胁迫的响应及其激素调控

【目的】探究云南松幼苗非结构性碳水化合物和内源激素对干旱胁迫的响应规律及其调控机制。【方法】以2年生云南松幼苗为试验材料,采用盆栽称重控水法,将土壤相对含水量分别控制在田间最大持水量的75%～85%（CK）、60%～70%（轻度干旱）、45%～55%（中度干旱）和30%～40%（重度干旱）,研究不同干旱胁迫处理下云南松幼苗针叶非结构性碳水化合物（可溶性糖和淀粉）含量、内源激素（脱落酸ABA、生长素IAA、赤霉素GA和玉米素核苷ZR）含量的变化情况以及二者的相关关系。【结果】① 随干旱程度的加重,云南松幼苗针叶可溶性糖含量逐渐增加,淀粉含量先升高后降低,可溶性糖/淀粉比值先降低后升高,淀粉分配比例先增后减,可溶性糖分配比例先减后增。② 各干旱胁迫处理云南松幼苗针叶ABA含量较CK显著升高,而ZR、GA及IAA含量随干旱胁迫加重均呈下降趋势,IAA/ABA、GA/ABA和ZR/ABA比值较CK显著下降。③ 云南松幼苗针叶可溶性糖含量与ABA含量呈正相关关系,与IAA、GA、ZR含量均呈负相关关系,其中与IAA含量呈显著相关（R²=0.423 0,P＜0.05）;针叶淀粉含量与ABA、IAA、GA、ZR含量均呈正相关关系,其中与GA含量呈显著相关（R²=0.392 4,P＜0.05）;针叶可溶性糖和淀粉含量与IAA/ABA、GA/ABA、ZR/ABA比值均呈负相关关系,其中可溶性糖含量与IAA/ABA比值显著相关（R²=0.394 3,P＜0.05）。【结论】云南松幼苗可通过调整体内可溶性糖和淀粉的相互转化与分配,同时通过积累抑制生长的ABA和降低促进生长的GA、IAA、ZR,进而调整针叶IAA/ABA、GA/ABA和ZR/ABA比值来适应干旱环境。     

意大利蝗越冬卵抗寒物质分析

意大利蝗Calliptamus italicus是新疆草原主要优势危害种,以滞育卵越冬.为弄清意大利蝗越冬卵发育及滞育过程的抗寒机制,本研究检测了自然条件下越冬卵的糖类、多元醇、脂肪和氨基酸等主要抗寒物质的含量变化,分析蝗卵发育过程不同阶段抗寒物质含量的变化趋势.结果表明,意大利蝗卵在越冬过程中,除脂肪含量无显著差异外...     

低镁胁迫对马铃薯试管苗碳水化合物积累和分配的影响

以马铃薯品种"大西洋"的试管苗为材料,在5个不同镁浓度(0、188、375、750、1 500μmol·L~(-1))的MS培养基上培养,20 d后测定生理和形态指标,研究了低镁胁迫对马铃薯试管苗叶绿素含量和碳水化合物积累与分配以及根系形态建成的影响。结果表明:试管苗的总叶绿素、叶绿素a(Chla)和叶绿素b(Chlb)含量以及根冠比、总根长、根表面积、根体积和侧根数均为缺镁(0μmol·L~(-1))处理最低,分别比对照(1 500μmol·L~(-1))降低42.3%、40.8%和46.2%以及96.4%、63.9%、54.1%、82.4%和89.9%;平均根直径和Chla/Chlb值为缺镁处理最高,分别较对照增加16.7%和9%;茎叶中淀粉、蔗糖、果糖和可溶性糖含量以及根中蔗糖、果糖和可溶性糖含量均为缺镁处理最高,分别比对照增加了58.5%、54.8%、59.7%和25.9%以及22%、46.7%和54.7%,而根中淀粉含量为缺镁处理最低,较对照降低32.8%。相关性分析表明,马铃薯试管苗茎叶中淀粉、果糖和可溶性糖含量与镁浓度均呈显著负相关。说明缺镁影响马铃薯试管苗的光合作用和碳水化合物代谢,大量碳水化合物在茎叶中积累,向根部的运输量减少,侧根形成减少,根冠比降低,抑制根系的形态建成。低镁水平下(750μmol·L~(-1))试管苗的叶绿素含量增加,更多的碳水化合物向根部运输,根冠比增大,促进根系的形态建成,与正常镁水平(1 500μmol·L~(-1))下马铃薯试管苗指标变化相同,差异不显著,表明含750μmol·L~(-1)Mg~(2+)的MS培养基适宜于马铃薯试管苗的生长和发育。     

乳杆菌和双歧杆菌对碳水化合物体外利用的比较研究

在含有13种碳水化合物(包括低聚果糖(fructooligosaccharide,FOS)、FOS(Vilof)、低聚木糖、低聚半乳糖、短链菊粉、长链菊粉、低聚异麦芽糖、水苏糖、抗性糊精、聚葡萄糖、L-阿拉伯糖、乳糖醇和赤藓糖醇)作为唯一碳源的纯培养基上,比较12株乳杆菌和6株双歧杆菌的生长情况,记录培养24?h和72...     

Root Nonstructural Carbohydrates and Their Relationship with Autotrophic Respiration of Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L.)

Separating soil respiration (R_s) into heterotrophic (R_H) and autotrophic (R_A) components often relies on root-severing techniques with the presumption that R_A will approach zero as root nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) supply diminishes. To test this assumption, we evaluated changes in carbon dioxide (CO₂) flux rates and NSC concentrations after severing Pinus taeda L. roots using laboratory and field approaches. After an 86-day laboratory incubation, soluble, insoluble, and total NSCs decreased by 60, 29, and 43 percent, respectively. R_S and R_A declined asymptotically, reduced by 86 and 95 percent, respectively. Correlation coefficients between R_A and soluble, insoluble, and total NSCs were 0.90, 0.69, and 0.93, respectively. In a field study, respiration stabilized after 40 days with mean rates in root-severed areas 21. ± 0.5 percent less than in undisturbed areas. This relationship between total NSCs and R_S, and the steady decline in R_S and R_A over time, validates the use of field-installed root-severing cores to measure R_H.     

Response of cotton fiber quality to the carbohydrates in the leaf subtending the cotton boll

This study investigated the effect of nitrogen (N) fertilization on leaf and boll N and carbohydrate concentrations in the development of fiber quality. A two‐year field study was conducted with two cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars, Kemian 1 (average fiber strength 35 cN tex^–1) and NuCOTN 33B (average fiber strength 32 cN tex^–1) at five (2008) and four (2009) N levels. The relationship between leaf and boll N and carbohydrate concentrations was assessed from measurements of N, carbohydrates, chlorophyll (based on SPAD readings), and free amino acids in the leaf subtending the boll, together with fiber carbohydrates and development of fiber quality. Results indicate that leaf N concentration more accurately reflected boll N status than the concentration of chlorophyll or free amino acids. Leaf sucrose and nonstructural carbohydrate had a quadratic relation with leaf N concentration (p < 1%). The optimal leaf N concentration ranged from 3.0% to 2.4%. During 24–38 d post‐anthesis (DPA), fiber sucrose was positively related to leaf sucrose and nonstructural carbohydrate (p < 5%), but was not correlated with leaf starch or total soluble carbohydrates. Fiber strength was positively correlated with fiber sucrose before 38 DPA, and it appeared to be more easily influenced by the fiber sucrose concentration than fiber length, fineness, or maturity. These results suggest that 24–38 DPA is a crucial period for fiber development which might be significantly influenced by physiological and ecological factors. In addition, sucrose or nonstructural carbohydrates in the subtending leaf could be used as a monitoring index to evaluate sucrose levels in the developing fiber, and also for predicting the final fiber strength.     

Diurnal changes in nonstructural carbohydrates and amino acids in pigeonpea leaves

The modern varieties of pigeonpea were domesticated from perennial wild species with a tall bushy startue (van der Maesen 1990). Although breeding efforts had been focused on the incorporation of the annual character compatible with the present cropping systems, perennial character persists in the growth habit. The growth feature related to the perennial character is represented by a low early growth vigor (Brakke and Gardner 1987). The lower net photosynthetic rate compared with that of sunflower, cotton, and other legumes at the same leaf age (Rawson and Constable 1981) may account for the slow growth. Although photosynthetic activities are controlled by many factors, including environmental, physical, and chemical factors, allocation of the fixed carbon into either starch or sucrose is one of the regulating mechanisms in photosynthetic pathways (Huber et al. 1990) which directly affects translocation of photosynthates and consequently whole plant growth.