Nitrous oxide emissions from animal urine application on a New Zealand pasture

Animal excreta-nitrogen (N) deposited onto pastoral soils during grazing has been identified as an important source of nitrous oxide (N₂O). Understanding the extent and seasonal variation of N₂O emissions from animal urine is important for the development of best management practices for reducing N₂O losses. The aim of this study was to determine N₂O emissions from cow urine after application onto a pastoral soil in different seasons between 2003 and 2005. A closed soil chamber technique was used to measure the N₂O emissions from a poorly drained silt loam soil which received either 0 (control) or 1,000 kg N ha⁻¹ (as real cow urine) per application. Application of cow urine to soil increased N₂O fluxes above those from the control site for up to 6 weeks, but the duration for which N₂O levels were elevated depended on the season. Nitrous oxide emissions were higher during the winter and spring measurement periods when the soil water-filled pore space (WFPS) was mostly above field capacity, and the emissions were lower during the summer and autumn measurement periods when the soil WFPS was below field capacity. The N₂O emission factor for urine ranged from 0.02 to 1.52% of N applied. This seasonal effect suggests that a reduction in urine return to soil (e.g., through use of standoff pads or animal housing) under wet conditions in New Zealand can potentially reduce N₂O emissions from pastoral soils.     

Nitrous oxide emission from an irrigated cotton field under semiarid subtropical conditions

In a 1-year study, quantification of nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission was made from a flood-irrigated cotton field fertilized with urea at 100kg N ha⁻¹ a⁻¹. Measurements were made during the cotton-growing season (May–November) and the fallow period (December–April). Of the total 95 sampling dates, 77 showed positive N₂O fluxes (range, 0.1 to 33.3g N ha⁻¹ d⁻¹), whereas negative fluxes (i.e., N₂O sink activity) were recorded on 18 occasions (range, −0.1 to −2.2g N ha⁻¹ d⁻¹). Nitrous oxide sink activity was more frequently observed during the growing season (15 out of 57 sampling dates) as compared to the fallow period (3 out of 38 sampling dates). During the growing season, contribution of N₂O to the denitrification gaseous N products was much less (average, 4%) as compared to that during the fallow period (average, 21%). Nitrous oxide emission integrated over the 6-month growing period amounted 324g N ha⁻¹, whereas the corresponding figure for the 6-month fallow period was 648g N ha⁻¹. Subtracting the N₂O sink activity (30.3g N ha⁻¹ and 3.8g N ha⁻¹ during the growing season and fallow period, respectively), the net N₂O emission amounted 938g N ha⁻¹ a⁻¹. Results suggested that high soil moisture and temperature prevailing under flood-irrigated cotton in the Central Punjab region of Pakistan though favor high denitrification rates, but are also conducive to N₂O reduction thus leading to relatively low N₂O emission.     

外源一氧化氮对盐胁迫下高粱种子萌发及淀粉转化的影响

【目的】探讨外源一氧化氮（NO）对盐胁迫下高粱种子萌发过程的生理生化调节作用,为揭示甜高粱种子的萌发生理及其化学调控提供理论依据。【方法】 以晋甜08-1为试材,用NaCl浓度（mmol·L ^-1）为0、50、100、150、200、300和400 的溶液培养高粱种子,通过萌发率确定高粱种子萌发期的耐盐适宜浓度、半致死浓度和极限浓度。用0.05、0.1、0.2、0.4、0.6和0.8 mmol·L ^-1硝普钠（SNP,NO供体）在25℃黑暗条件下浸种12 h,以150 mmol·L ^-1的NaCl模拟盐胁迫,在培养36 h统计发芽势,72 h统计发芽率,在5 d时取样测定脯氨酸、丙二醛含量及淀粉转化相关指标。采用二硝基水杨酸法测定淀粉酶活性和还原性糖,蒽酮法测定可溶性糖和淀粉含量,茚三酮显色法测定脯氨酸含量,硫代巴比妥酸显色法测定丙二醛含量。通过对高粱种子发芽率、发芽势及种子吸胀、淀粉酶活性、淀粉及糖含量、脯氨酸等指标进行测定分析,研究外源一氧化氮对盐胁迫下高粱种子萌发及淀粉转化的影响。 【结果】 NaCl胁迫下高粱种子的萌发受到明显抑制,NaCl浓度大于100 mmol·L ^-1时高粱种子的萌发率显著降低,150 mmol·L ^-1 NaCl处理时高粱种子的萌发率为63.17%,400 mmol·L ^-1 NaCl完全抑制高粱种子萌发。0.05 mmol·L ^-1的SNP处理能够缓解盐胁迫对种子萌发的抑制,种子发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数分别比对照高14.44%、12.22%和18.07%（P<0.05）;SNP处理使高粱种子中脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量分别增加18.97%和41.43%,从而降低渗透势,促进种子吸水,缓解NaCl造成的渗透胁迫,丙二醛含量显著降低,较NaCl单独处理降低了17.79%。SNP处理还能迅速提高盐胁迫下种子淀粉酶活性,在处理后第1天时就比NaCl处理提高了17.20%,加速淀粉的降解,显著增加可溶性糖和还原性糖含量。在处理的第5天时,SNP+NaCl处理淀粉含量比NaCl处理降低19.17%,可溶性糖和还原性糖的含量分别提高了41.4%和41.0%,差异显著（P<0.05）,这为种子萌发提供能量,提高高粱种子萌发期的抗盐性。 【结论】 外源NO可调节高粱种子萌发期的淀粉酶活性和渗透调节能力,提高其对盐胁迫的抵抗能力,促进种子的萌发。     

一氧化氮对弱光胁迫下苗期及坐果初期辣椒生长和抗性相关指标的影响

以光敏辣椒苗为试验材料,经不同程度遮阴处理后,对遮阴植株喷施一氧化氮供体SNP,测定辣椒植株生长及抗性相关指标,探讨一氧化氮对遮阴胁迫下辣椒相关指标的影响。结果表明:喷施SNP后,辣椒的茎粗、株高、叶面积均有不同程度的提高;叶片中抗氧化酶SOD、POD、CAT的活性增强;同时,叶片中的叶绿素b含量增多,叶绿素合成相关基因的表达水平普遍增强。说明一氧化氮能够缓解弱光环境对辣椒生长的不利影响,一定程度上改善了弱光环境下辣椒叶片的光合性能。     

基于动态箱法的北京延庆区牛粪堆放CH4和N2O排放量估算

畜禽粪便堆放管理会造成甲烷(CH_4)和氧化亚氮(N_2O)等温室气体的大量排放。通过联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)建议的排放系数等方法,可以实现对某一区域范围内畜禽粪便管理系统的温室气体排放总量的估算,但由于其排放受粪便管理、气候条件等因素的显著影响,直接套用IPCC的默认系数会产生较大的误差。为更加准确估算中国奶牛粪便管理所造成的CH_4、N_2O排放,该文在对北京延庆区奶牛生产与粪便管理模式进行了实地调研的基础上,采用动态箱法模拟了奶牛粪便不同季节短时自然堆放管理模式下的CH_4、N_2O排放过程,并对区域内的年温室气体排放总量进行了测算。研究结果表明,奶牛粪便在一个月的自然堆放管理模式下,每千克牛粪挥发性固体在春、夏、秋季的CH_4排放量分别为223.97、4 603.31、351.38 mg,每千克牛粪N_2O排放量分别为5.86、9.43、0.81 mg。2016年北京延庆区全年奶牛粪便CH_4、N_2O排放总量分别为13 342.50、347.87 kg。延庆区奶牛粪便堆放管理过程的CH_4排放因子为1.50kg/(头·a),小于IPCC指南中的1.78 kg/(头·a);受堆放时间较短的影响,N_2O的排放因子则显著小于IPCC的推荐值。若直接使用IPCC默认参数估算延庆区奶牛粪便堆放管理过程中的CH_4和N_2O排放量,会造成排放量的高估。     

闽江河口养虾塘沉积物氧化亚氮产生及影响因素研究

氧化亚氮(N_2O)是一种重要的痕量温室气体,对全球气温升高和酸雨形成起着重要作用,并对臭氧层造成严重损害。水产养殖是N_2O的潜在释放源,该研究以中国东南沿海的闽江河口湿地围垦养虾塘为研究对象,采用过程抑制法,通过室内培养试验区分N_2O不同产生过程及其对沉积物N_2O总产生速率的贡献,在此基础上分析沉积物理化性质对N_2O产生的影响。结果表明:养虾塘沉积物N_2O总产生速率在养殖初期、中期和末期的均值分别为1.80、5.95和8.70 nmol/(kg·h),其中硝化作用、反硝化作用、硝化细菌反硝化作用和非生物作用的贡献率均值分别为-162.04%、327.52%、-239.45%和90.27%,从而得出结论:反硝化作用和非生物作用是产生沉积物N_2O的主要来源,硝化作用和硝化细菌反硝化作用则对沉积物N_2O的产生有所削弱;养虾塘沉积物N_2O总产生速率在高温低盐条件下最大,在低温高盐条件下出现最小值,总体呈现随着温度升高而增加,随着盐度升高而降低的趋势;相关分析表明N_2O总产生速率与总碳(total carbon,TC)、土壤有机碳(soil organiccarbon,SOC)、NH4+-N含量和C∶N比均呈显著正相关关系,而在其不同产生过程中仅有非生物过程受到TC、SOC含量的显著影响。     

一氧化氮熏蒸抑制干制灰枣黑曲霉病及贮藏品质保持

黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger, A. niger)是引起干制灰枣贮期腐烂的主要病原菌之一,本文以新疆灰枣为试材,开展了一氧化氮(NO)气体熏蒸对灰枣贮藏过程中黑曲霉病发生的抑制作用及贮藏品质影响的研究。在室温贮藏条件下,分析了不同浓度NO熏蒸对黑曲霉(A. niger)及灰枣黑曲霉病的抑制作用;探讨了NO对灰枣自然病虫害和品质参数的影响。结果表明NO熏蒸可以显著抑制A.niger的生长,降低了A.niger对果实侵染引起黑曲霉病的严重程度,病害抑制作用与熏蒸浓度呈正相关。浓度为600μL/L的NO熏蒸能完全抑制A. niger的生长和黑曲霉病害的发生,抑制率均为100%;灰枣贮藏50 d后,失质量率、霉变率、虫蛀率、褐变程度和表面菌落总数显著低于对照处理(P0.05),分别降低了0.484%、1.73%、3.40%、0.138和1.22 lg(CFU/g);NO延缓了灰枣果实含水率、可溶性固形物、还原糖、可滴定酸和维生素C含量的下降,可以较好保持干制灰枣果实的外观和营养品质。该研究为NO气体熏蒸技术在干制果品贮藏期病害防控方面提供了新的研究思路。     

Is alternate wetting and drying irrigation technique enough to reduce methane emission from a tropical rice paddy?

Combination of a pre-season wet soil condition and rice straw incorporation just before transplanting, which is typical for a tropical rice double cropping, can induce a flash of methane (CH₄) emission shortly after the transplanting. The conventional practice of alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation technique that typically starts at 21 days after transplanting (DAT) can hardly reduce this emission because the soil become methanogenic before the onset of AWD treatment. Field experiments were conducted in Central Luzon, Philippines, during the 2014–2017 dry rice seasons to examine the effects of the timing of rice straw/stubble incorporation on the efficacy of AWD in reducing the CH₄ emission. Two treatments of the timing of stubble incorporation were stubbles incorporated during the start of wet land preparation (S1) and stubbles incorporated during the dry fallow tillage (S2). For the water management, we compared two treatments: continuous flooding (CF) and AWD with – 15 cm threshold for irrigation. The AWD under S2 was implemented earlier at 10 DAT. We observed a significant interaction (p < 0.01) between effects of AWD and straw management on CH₄ emissions; the seasonal total CH₄ emission was reduced by AWD compared with CF by 73% under S2, while the reduction was <20% under S1. The AWD significantly (p < 0.05) increased the nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions by 47 and 48% relative to CF under S1 and S2, respectively. The global warming potential (GWP, CH₄ + N₂O) and yield-scaled GWP were still substantially lower by 62 and 59%, respectively, in AWD than in CF under S2, but the reduction was not realized under S1 due to the relatively smaller CH₄ reduction and increased N₂O emission. The results confirm that pre-season aerobic stubble decomposition and earlier implementation of AWD enhanced AWD’s mitigation potential in reducing substantially the CH₄ emission from the tropical rice double-cropping system.     

Assessing the benefits and wider costs of different N fertilisers for grassland agriculture

Fertiliser nitrogen (N) is essential for maintaining agronomic outputs for our growing population. However, the societal, economic and environmental impacts of excess reactive N from fertiliser is rarely assessed. Here the agronomic, economic and environmental efficacy of three N-fertiliser sources, ammonium-nitrate (AN), urea (U), and inhibited-urea (IU; with NPBT) were evaluated at two grassland sites. Dry matter yield and herbage quality were measured at each silage-cut. Additionally, NH₃-N and N₂O-N losses were measured and used to calculate the effective N source cost and externality costs, which account for associated environmental and societal impacts. We found no effect of different N sources on yield or herbage quality. However, NH₃-N emissions were significantly reduced under the IU treatment, by 48–65%. No significant differences in cumulative N₂O emissions were observed. Incorporating externality costs increased fertiliser prices by 1.23–2.36, 6.51–16.4, and 3.17–4.17 times the original cost, for AN, U and IU, respectively, transforming U from the cheapest, to the most expensive of the N sources examined. However, with no apparent yield differences between N-fertiliser sources there is no economic incentive for the land-manager to use the more environmentally and socially acceptable option, unless externality costs are incorporated into fertiliser prices at the point of sale.     

碳源和氧对设施菜田土壤N_2O排放的影响

利用在线自动监测培养系统(Robot系统),研究不同氧分压、碳源投入以及不同氧分压和碳源投入组合下,添加硝化抑制剂双氰胺(DCD)对设施菜田土壤N_2O排放的影响。结果表明:随着土壤氧分压的升高,N_2O排放量呈指数下降(P0.001),土壤氧分压大于等于3%O_2后,N_2O排放量不足于无氧和微量氧(1%氧)处理的30%。添加碳源降低了有氧条件下土壤N_2O和N_2产生量,显著增加了微量氧下异养反硝化途径对N_2O的贡献量(P0.01)。在微量氧和3%O_2下,与未添加DCD的处理相比,无碳源添加且施用DCD后,N_2O的排放分别降低了64.4%和88.8%,同时N_2排放分别降低了23.4%和18.6%。从微量氧至3%O_2,虽然无碳源添加的处理硝化细菌反硝化作用对N_2O排放的贡献从17.2%增加至42.6%,但由于排放总量的急剧下降,硝化细菌反硝化作用对设施菜田土壤N_2O排放的贡献较小。本研究所用土壤pH较高,且添加DCD的处理培养前后硝酸盐基本平衡,异养的同步硝化-反硝化过程可能很弱。总之,设施菜田土壤N_2O排放主要发生在无氧和微量氧条件下。异养反硝化菌对土壤N_2O排放的直接贡献最大,尤其是在碳源较为充足的条件下。