Microbial processes and the site of N2O production in a temperate grassland soil

To understand nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from terrestrial ecosystems it is necessary to understand the processes leading to N₂O production. Here, for the first time, results are presented which identify in situ the processes of N₂O production in a temperate grassland soil. A small portion of the nitrogen (N) applied in the summer to the grassland soil was rapidly transported below the main rooting zone (>20 cm) and resulted in large N₂O productions at depths of 20-50 cm. Preferential pathways must have been responsible for this movement because the soil conditions were not conducive to leaching by piston flow. The N₂O was entirely produced by nitrate (NO₃⁻) reduction which was surprising because the bulk soil was aerobic. Therefore, reduction processes can operate during times of the year when it is least expected and cause large N₂O concentrations deep in the soil profile.     

Controls on nitrification in a water-limited ecosystem: experimental inhibition of ammonia-oxidising bacteria in the Patagonian steppe

We studied controls on nitrification in an undisturbed water-limited ecosystem by inhibiting autotrophic nitrifying bacteria in soils with varying levels of vegetative cover. The activity of nitrifying bacteria was disrupted using nitrapyrin, 2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl)-pyridine, under field conditions in three microenvironments (underneath shrubs, next to grasses and in bare soil). Ammonia-oxidising bacteria were detected by PCR analysis of DNA in soils. The inhibition of nitrification changed the concentrations of NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺ in the soil, while the microenvironment was most important in determining the response of bacteria to the inhibitor. Nitrapyrin application resulted in a significant (p<0.05) reduction in soil NO₃⁻ concentration (39%) and a significant increase (p<0.001) in soil NH₄⁺ concentration (41%). Untreated bare-soil microenvironments had the lowest concentrations of NH₄⁺ (1.57 μg/g of dry soil) and NO₃⁻ (0.49 μg/g of dry soil) when compared to the other microenvironments, and showed the highest impacts of nitrification inhibition. For example, NH₄⁺ concentrations increased 288% and NO₃⁻ concentrations decreased 60% in inhibited bare-soil microenvironments. In contrast, untreated microenvironments underneath shrubs had the highest levels of NH₄⁺ (10.01 μg/g of dry soil) and NO₃⁻ (0.69 μg/g of dry soil), but showed no significant effects of inhibition of nitrification on soil nitrogen concentrations.     

添加葡萄糖对不同深度红壤碳矿化及其温度敏感性的影响

  目的  探讨不同水分条件下土壤 N₂O 排放对外源碳添加的响应,明确N₂O排放与碳源的关系,为农田土壤N₂O减排提供理论依据。  方法  设置不添加碳源（C0）、按2 g kg⁻¹含碳量添加葡萄糖（C1）、蔗糖（C2）、甘露醇（C3）共4个不同处理,同时设置低水分（W1）和高水分（W2）两个水分条件,所有处理均添加等量氮肥,在室温25 ℃下培养一周,测定不同处理的土壤N₂O排放通量、CO₂排放通量以及土壤无机氮含量。通过统计分析,揭示外源碳和不同水分处理对鄂南棕红壤N₂O排放的影响。  结果  在不同水分条件下,外源碳的添加降低了土壤NO₃⁻-N含量和NH₄ ⁺ -N含量。土壤水分显著影响土壤N₂O的排放,高水分处理土壤N₂O的排放高于低水分处理。与对照相比,添加葡萄糖、蔗糖、甘露醇处理在低水分条件下的土壤N₂O-N累积排放量分别增加352.15倍、393.07倍、93.94倍;在高水分条件下,添加葡萄糖、蔗糖、甘露醇处理的土壤N₂O-N累积排放量分别增加1.92倍、0.63倍、1.88倍。  结论  3种外源碳输入显著促进土壤N₂O排放总量,其中以添加葡萄糖的处理 N₂O排放最高,高水分条件下土壤N₂O排放远高于低水分处理。     

黄血抑制纯合系白银的选育初报

从欧系品种中筛选出黄血抑制基因 ,并将其导入皮斑限性实用蚕品种 871中 ,选除不良基因 ,经纯合固定 ,得到综合性状优良的皮斑限性黄血抑制纯合系统 ,命名为白银 (♀IIW+p, IIZZ)。在茧形上 ,一方偏中系选择 ,另一方偏欧系选择 ,分别建立白银A 系及白银B 系。与限性黄茧 (♀iiWYZ , iiZZ)对交 ,F1代全为白茧 ,有望使限性黄茧实用化     

Protease Inhibitors from Marine Venomous Animals and Their Counterparts in Terrestrial Venomous Animals

The Kunitz-type protease inhibitors are the best-characterized family of serine protease inhibitors, probably due to their abundance in several organisms. These inhibitors consist of a chain of ~60 amino acid residues stabilized by three disulfide bridges, and was first observed in the bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI)-like protease inhibitors, which strongly inhibit trypsin and chymotrypsin. In this review we present the protease inhibitors (PIs) described to date from marine venomous animals, such as from sea anemone extracts and Conus venom, as well as their counterparts in terrestrial venomous animals, such as snakes, scorpions, spiders, Anurans, and Hymenopterans. More emphasis was given to the Kunitz-type inhibitors, once they are found in all these organisms. Their biological sources, specificity against different proteases, and other molecular blanks (being also K⁺ channel blockers) are presented, followed by their molecular diversity. Whereas sea anemone, snakes and other venomous animals present mainly Kunitz-type inhibitors, PIs from Anurans present the major variety in structure length and number of Cys residues, with at least six distinguishable classes. A representative alignment of PIs from these venomous animals shows that, despite eventual differences in Cys assignment, the key-residues for the protease inhibitory activity in all of them occupy similar positions in primary sequence. The key-residues for the K⁺ channel blocking activity was also compared.     

大白菜开花基因 LFY的克隆及dsRNA抑制载体的构建

以中国大白菜花蕾为材料,通过RT-PCR方法,参照GeneBank公布的序列克隆了Leafy(简称LFY)基因片段,测序分析结果表明,该基因与国外已经报道的序列具有94％的同源性。将此序列以相反方向插入到植物表达载体pROK2 35S启动子之间,并在2反向重复片段之间插入小麦乙酰辅酶A羧化酶的第20内舍子,从而构建了dsRNA抑制双元载体,该载体的构建为通过农杆菌介导转化大白菜进而解决早春扣反季栽培大白菜的先期抽薹问题创造了条件。     

Design and Synthesis of Novel Phenylahistin Derivatives Based on Co-Crystal Structures as Potent Microtubule Inhibitors for Anti-Cancer Therapy

Phenylahistin is a naturally occurring marine product with a diketopiperazine structure that can bind to the colchicine site of microtubulin as a possible anticancer agent. To develop more potent microtubule inhibitors, novel phenylahistin derivatives were designed and synthesized based on the co-crystal complexes of phenylahistin derivatives and microtubulin. We established a focused library of imidazole-type molecules for the introduction of different groups to the C-ring and A-ring of phenylahistin. Structure–activity relationship studies indicated that appropriate hydrocarbon substituents and unsaturated alkenyl substituents at the 1-position of the imidazole group are important for improving the activity of such compounds. In addition, this study found that propylamine groups could maintain the activity of these compounds, as exemplified by compound 16d (IC₅₀ = 5.38 nM, NCI-H460). Compound 15p (IC₅₀ = 1.03 nM, NCI-H460) with an allyl group exhibited potent cytotoxic activity at the nanomolar level against human lung cancer cell lines. Immunofluorescence assay indicated that compound 15p could efficiently inhibited microtubule polymerization and induced a high expression of caspase-3. 15p also displayed good pharmacokinetic characteristics in vitro. Additionally, the growth of H22 transplanted tumors was significantly inhibited in BALB/c mice when 15p alone was administered at 4 mg/kg, and the tumor inhibition rate was as much as 65%. Importantly, the continuous administration of 15p resulted in a lower toxicity than that of docetaxel (10 mg/kg) and cyclophosphamide (20 mg/kg). Overall, the novel allyl-imidazole-diketopiperazine-type derivatives could be considered safe and effective potential agents for cancer treatment.     

厚壁毛竹的主要化学成分及其稀酸水解成分分析

以1年生、2年生和5年生厚壁毛竹的秆、枝、叶为研究对象,对其主要化学组成进行分析;同时对竹粉和综纤维素进行稀硫酸处理,分析其糖及抑制物的浓度。结果表明：随着竹龄和部位的不同,厚壁毛竹的主要化学组成呈现一定的变异规律,叶片的灰分含量最高,秆部灰分含量最低,叶片的苯醇抽提物最高;1年生厚壁毛竹秆部的纤维素含量最高,不同竹龄的厚壁毛竹的综纤维素含量变化不大;5年生厚壁毛竹秆部的酸不溶木质素含量最高,而1年生厚壁毛竹叶片的含量最低;秆的各种糖浓度均大于枝,枝的糖浓度均大于叶;抑制物中乙酸的浓度最高,乙酰丙酸的浓度最低;竹粉中糖含量及抑制物浓度均比综纤维素高。     

2种不同类型病毒抑制剂防控TMV的田间药效比较

为评价不同类型病毒抑制剂在不同发病条件下对烟草花叶病的防控效果,选用2种生物制剂(AHO、宁南霉素)和2种化学农药(吗胍·乙酸铜、烯·羟·硫酸铜)进行田间药效试验.大田接种烟草花叶病毒(TMV)的试验表明,AHO和吗胍·乙酸铜对TMV的平均防效较高,分别为41.8％和39.8％,宁南霉素和烯·羟·硫酸铜对TMV的平均防效较低,分别为25.4％和14.5％;在自然发病状态下,AHO对TMV的平均防效为45.5％,宁南霉素的平均防效次之,为36.6％,而烯·羟·硫酸铜和吗胍·乙酸铜的平均防效则分别为28.7％和16.2％.AHO在不同带毒环境下防控烟草花叶病的效果都优于其他3种市售药物,表明其具有开发成为绿色抗烟草花叶病新型农药的潜力.     

甘露醇和生长抑制剂对文心兰离体保存的影响

以文心兰无菌苗为离体保存材料,研究培养基中添加不同浓度甘露醇、矮壮素及脱落酸对文心兰试管苗离体保存的影响.结果表明:在培养温度(24±3)℃,保存前6个月光照强度2 000～2 500 lx,后6个月光照强度500～1 000 lx,光照时间12 h·d-1的培养条件下,MS+6-BA 0.5 mg·L-1+NAA 0...