丛枝菌根真菌调控土壤氧化亚氮排放的机制

氮素是陆地生态系统初级生产力的主要限制因子,自Haber-Bosch反应以来,氮肥的生产和施用极大地提高了粮食产量.然而过量施用氮肥导致氮肥利用率低,并造成了严重的环境污染,包括氮沉降、硝态氮淋洗以及N2O排放等.微生物直接参与土壤氮素循环,固氮微生物、氨氧化和反硝化微生物分别在土壤固氮、铵态氮转化和硝态氮转化过程中起...     

A simple gas chromatographic approach to evaluate CO2 release,N2O evolution,and O2 uptake from soil

Summary We have developed a simple method for the determination of gaseous compounds that reflect microbial activity in soil, as affected by factors such as the presence of an organic amendment (peat) or a variation in soil moisture. The method is based on a gas chromatographic analysis of the headspace of vials containing the soil under examination. A single gas chromatograph can detect up to 10 different gases. As expected, after peat was added to the soil, CO₂ evolution and O₂ uptake increased significantly. Positive relationships were found between the evolution of N₂O, and soil moisture and the amount of peat added to the soil. Both the these variables influenced the CO₂:O₂ ratio. The results given by this method show high reproducibility.     

Measurement of coupled nitrification-denitrification in paddy fields affected by Terrazole,a nitrification inhibitor

Coupled nitrification-denitrification and potential denitrification were measured as ¹⁵N₂O and ¹⁵N₂ evolution rates in ammonium sulphate-treated rice soils with or without Terrazole [5-ethoxy-3 (trichloromethyl) 1,2,3 Thiadizole] under laboratory and field conditions. The greatest coupled nitrification-denitrification activity was found after drying and rewetting the soil, with maximum values of 322 ng N cm^–2 h^–1 in the laboratory and 90.8 ng N cm^–2 h^–1 in the field. These ¹⁵N₂O + ¹⁵N₂ evolution rates were about 10 times lower than potential denitrification in these soils. These results and the observed decrease in ¹⁵N₂O + ¹⁵N₂ evolution rate in soils treated with Terrazole (60% under laboratory conditions and 52% under field conditions) indicate that denitrification was limited by coupled nitrification-denitrification activity. Oxygen and previous addition of ammonium sulphate appear to control the rate of ¹⁵N₂O + ¹⁵N₂ evolution in ammonium sulphate-fertilised soils.     

天牛体内纤维素酶研究进展

文章综述近年来国内外有关天牛体内纤维素酶的研究进展,主要包括:天牛体内纤维素酶的来源、不同天牛种类纤维素酶的性质、纤维素酶抑制剂、纤维素酶同工酶、纤维素酶基因以及天牛体内纤维素酶活性变化与寄主的关系,并展望了未来的研究方向。     

肉仔鸡对胰蛋白酶抑制因子的耐受性研究

给15日龄AA肉仔鸡分别饲喂胰蛋白酶抑制因子(TI)9.01,6.45,3.74,1.80,1.39,0.34g/kg的日粮至35 d.肉仔鸡对饲粮中胰蛋白酶抑制因子的耐受性阈值为3.74g/kg.     

XIP-type endoxylanase inhibitors in different cereals

Highly pure XIP-type (for Xylanase Inhibiting Protein) endoxylanase inhibitor fractions were selectively obtained with a high yield from rye, durum wheat, barley, and maize extracts by affinity chromatography with immobilised Aspergillus niger endoxylanase Xyn1 following removal of the TAXI-type (for Triticum aestivum xylanase inhibitor) endoxylanase inhibitors by affinity chromatography with immobilised Bacillus subtilis endoxylanase XynA. No inhibitors belonging to the XIP family occur in rice, oats, and buckwheat. N-terminal amino acid sequences of the non-wheat XIP-type inhibitors were very similar or identical to those of wheat XIP-1, a chitinase homologue. The isolated inhibitors are basic, monomeric proteins of ca. 30 kDa with pI values of at least 8.5 (rye, durum wheat, and barley XIP) and ca. 7.0 (maize XIP). They are, in general, active against fungal endoxylanases and do not hydrolyse chitin. SDS–PAGE analysis and high-resolution cation exchange chromatography suggest the presence of multiple XIP-type isoinhibitors in the different cereals.     

褐变抑制剂对黄芩愈伤组织褐变及次生代谢产物的影响

研究了不同褐变抑制剂对黄芩愈伤组织继代培养中褐变、生长以及黄芩愈伤组织次生代谢产物黄芩苷、黄芩素含量的影响。结果表明：在MS＋0．5mg／L2,4-D＋1．0mg／L6-BA继代培养基中分别添加1．0g/L植酸、10mg／L抗坏血酸、2．0g/L聚乙烯吡咯烷酮能有效抑制黄芩愈伤组织褐变,促进其生长。在综合考虑愈伤组织的褐变率、生长增殖倍数（干重）基础上,以黄芩苷产量为指标,添加10mg／L抗坏血酸＋1．0g/L植酸组合效果最好;以黄芩素产量为指标,添加1．0g/L植酸效果最好。     

Rho激酶抑制剂Y-27632对小鼠早期胚胎发育的影响

[目的]研究Rho激酶特异抑制剂Y-27632对小鼠早期胚胎发育的影响。[方法]取小鼠早期胚胎2细-胞,经体外培养1~2 d后,进行细胞计数、受体移植,观测Rho激酶抑制剂Y-27632对细胞数目和胚胎着床效率的影响。[结果]早期胚胎经Y-27632处理后,胚胎发育延迟,囊胚出腔脱带时间推后,试验组胚胎桑椹胚、囊胚发育率同对照组差异不显著（P〉0.05）,与同期胚胎相比细胞数目增加,差异显著（P〈0.05）,着床效率相当。[结论]Rho激酶特异抑制剂Y-27632对小鼠早期胚胎细胞数目增加和延迟着床具有重要作用。     

返魂草种子内源萌发抑制物质的生理活性

为探明返魂草种子的休眠机理,加速萌发进程,采用多种溶剂浸提返魂草种子,研究其浸出液对自菜、小麦种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响作用．结果表明：返魂草种子中存在较强生理活性的内源活性抑制物质,且抑制作用随着提取液浓度的增加而增强．不同溶剂提取返魂草内源抑制物质的活性不同,以甲醇提取液的抑制活性最强,乙醚次之,水提液抑制作用不明显．采用温水浸泡返魂草种子可有效去除大部分内源抑制物质．     

控释肥和添加剂对双季稻温室气体排放影响和减排评价

【目的】稻田生态系统的温室气体排放一直是气候变化领域的研究热点,对发展低碳农业和缓解全球变暖具有重要意义。研究控释肥和添加剂对双季稻（Oryza sative L）温室气体排放和产量的影响,旨在综合评价其减排效果,筛选既能保证产量又能有效减排的施肥措施。【方法】以华中江汉平原地区双季稻为研究对象,设置6种不同控释肥或添加剂处理,包括①习惯施肥作为对照,②硫包膜控释尿素,③树脂包膜控释尿素,④缓释碧晶尿素,⑤尿素中加入质量分数1%的硝化抑制剂二甲基吡唑磷酸盐（DMPP）,⑥施肥时泼洒与尿素等量的1：200倍稀释有效微生物菌剂培养液（EM菌剂）,采用自动静态箱-气相色谱法对温室气体排放通量进行长期连续监测,同步观测土壤无机氮素和产量,得出不同施肥处理的温室气体（CH4和N2O）排放特征,由内插加权法求得排放总量,最终计算出综合温室效应和排放强度。【结果】不同施肥处理下CH4和N2O排放通量具有较为明显的季节变化规律。早稻CH4排放总量以树脂包膜控释尿素最低,晚稻以碧晶尿素最低;而早稻和晚稻N2O排放总量均以硝化抑制剂DMPP最低。综合两个季节,各施肥处理的综合温室效应（以CO2当量100年算）差异显著（P＜0.05）,其中常规施肥＞硫包膜控释尿素＞硝化抑制剂DMPP＞EM菌剂＞碧晶尿素＞树脂包膜控释尿素;控释肥和添加剂处理对比常规均有不同程度的减排效果,其中树脂包膜控释尿素减排效果最高为56.2%,碧晶尿素次之为45.6%,且晚稻减排效果明显高于早稻。早稻控释肥和添加剂处理产量与常规施肥差异不显著,晚稻则存在显著增产,增产幅度为13.5%-16.2%。各处理的温室气体排放强度GHGI以树脂包膜控释尿素最低,与常规施肥差异极显著（P＜0.01）。【结论】双季稻不同施肥处理CH4和N2O的排放总量差异显著,控释肥和添加剂处理均能达到不同程度的减排。控释肥和添加剂处理对早稻增产效果差异不显著,对晚稻增产效果差异显著,减排效果也高于早稻。综合考虑经济效益和减排效果,可得出在当前的稻田管理条件下施用包膜控释肥、抑制剂和生物菌剂,能保证产量并有效降低温室气体排放,是水稻低碳高产可行的施肥措施。