不同配比基质对黄瓜穴盘幼苗生长的影响

以腐熟的玉米秸秆、牛粪、蛭石、草炭为材料,按一定比例制成5种不同配比的复合基质,以黄瓜为试材进行穴盘育苗试验,研究了复合基质的理化性状和对黄瓜育苗的应用效果.结果表明:5种基质理化性质良好,均符合育苗基质要求,但不同基质对黄瓜幼苗的影响存在显著差异,其中以草炭∶玉米秸秆∶牛粪∶蛭石=2∶2∶4∶2配比基质的黄瓜幼苗在生...     

牛病毒性腹泻病毒检测方法研究进展

引起牛病毒性腹泻/黏膜病(bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease,BVD-MD)的病原为牛病毒性腹泻病毒(Bovine viral diarrhea virus,BVDV),牛感染后会出现与其他腹泻病相似的症状,仅通过临床表现和病理观察很难做出准确鉴别;其次持续感染(PI)牛是该病主...     

The use of getting up and lying down movements in the evaluation of cattle environments

The aim of this review is to find out if getting up and lying down movements can be used as one of several parameters when evaluating different cattle environments. Getting up and lying down movements are performed according to innate movement patterns. An unsuitable environment can cause these movements to become incomplete or abnormal and so lead to injuries. Physiological measurements at lying down show a greater change in tethered cattle than in cattle kept on deep litter. In short stalls the use of certain types of tethers and the height of the manger edge affect the normal getting up and lying down movements. Unsuitably designed cubicles in loose housing systems can lead to changed movement patterns. Calves and fattening bulls have fewer lying down and getting up movements and longer lying intervals on slatted floors than on deep litter. Calves kept in small individual crates carry out a large percentage of their lying down and getting up procedures abnormally. In this review it is shown that it is possible to make improvements in the environment of cattle by using results from studies of these behaviour patterns. The conclusion is that getting up and lying down movements can be used as one of several parameters when evaluating different cattle environments.     

Embryo-mediated genome editing for accelerated genetic improvement of livestock

Selecting beneficial DNA variants is the main goal of animal breeding. However, this process is inherently inefficient because each animal only carries a fraction of all desirable variants. Genome editing technology with its ability to directly introduce beneficial sequence variants offers new opportunities to modernize animal breeding by overcoming this biological limitation and accelerating genetic gains. To realize rapid genetic gain, precise edits need to be introduced into genomically-selected embryos, which minimizes the genetic lag. However, embryo-mediated precision editing by homology-directed repair (HDR) mechanisms is currently an inefficient process that often produces mosaic embryos and greatly limits the numbers of available edited embryos. This review provides a summary of genome editing in bovine embryos and proposes an embryo-mediated accelerated breeding scheme that overcomes the present efficiency limitations of HDR editing in bovine embryos. It integrates embryo-based genomic selection with precise multi-editing and uses embryonic cloning with elite edited blastomeres or embryonic pluripotent stem cells to resolve mosaicism, enable multiplex editing and multiply rare elite genotypes. Such a breeding strategy would enable a more targeted, accelerated approach for livestock improvement that allows stacking of beneficial variants, even including novel traits from outside the breeding population, in the most recent elite genetic background, essentially within a single generation.     

Milk casein and fatty acid fractions in early lactation are affected by nutritional regulation of body condition score at the beginning of the transition period in primiparous and multiparous cows under grazing conditions

The objective was to evaluate the effect of body condition score (BCS) at 30 days before calving (−30 days) induced by a differential nutritional management, parity and week of lactation (WOL) on milk yield and composition, and milk casein and fatty acid composition. Primiparous and multiparous Holstein cows with high BCS (PH, n = 13; MH, n = 9) and low BCS (PL, n = 9; ML = 8) under grazing conditions were sampled at WOL 2 and 8 (before and after peak of lactation). Milk yield was greater in multiparous than in primiparous cows and tended to decrease from WOL 2 to 8 only in ML cows. Milk protein, fat and casein yields were greater in multiparous than in primiparous cows and decreased from WOL 2 to 8. Milk casein concentration in milk protein was greater in MH cows than in ML, PH and PL cows at WOL 2. Milk κ‐casein was greater, and β‐casein was less in multiparous than in primiparous cows. As lactation progressed, proportion of casein fractions were not altered. Only κ‐casein fraction was affected by BCS at −30 days as PL showed a higher concentration than PH. The de novo (4:0–15:1) and mixed‐origin fatty acids (16:0–16:1) in milk fat increased, whereas preformed fatty acids (≥17:0) decreased from WOL 2 to 8. Saturated (SAT) fatty acids tended to be greater and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were less in multiparous than in primiparous cows. High‐BCS cows had greater concentrations of polyunsaturated (PUFA), conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) as well as n‐6 and n‐3 fatty acids in milk fat than low‐BCS cows. The results indicate that casein and fatty acid fractions in milk were affected by parity and may be modified by a differential nutritional management during the pre‐calving period (BCS at −30 days) in cows under grazing conditions.     

日粮粗蛋白质及能量水平对架子牛肥育效果影响的研究

试验采用2～3岁,体重在305～350kg的架子牛,按高蛋白高能量(精料1号)、高蛋白低能量(精料2号)、低蛋白高能量(精料3号)、低蛋白低能量(精料4号)四组日粮进行为期90d的肥育。试验结果表明,当架子牛体重在320～420kg的情况下,高蛋白高能量日粮组日增重明显高于其他三组(P<0.01)。当体重超过420kg以上时,高蛋白高能量组日增重与低蛋白高能量组比较差异显著(P<0.05),与其他两组比较差异极显著(P<0.01)。从经济效益上分析,由高到低,依次为高蛋白高能量、低蛋白高能量、高蛋白低能量、低蛋白低能量。结论:架子牛肥育前期日粮(按风干计)的粗蛋白质水平应达到13.5%～14.0%,消化能在11.60～11.70MJ/kg;肥育后期粗蛋白质水平应达到12%,消化能要在11.80MJ/kg以上。     

日粮中添加黄芪多糖对锦江黄牛瘤胃体外发酵及养分降解率的影响

[目的]试验旨在探究不同水平黄芪多糖(astragalus polysaccharides, APS)对锦江黄牛瘤胃体外发酵指标及养分降解率的影响。[方法]选取4头健康并安装永久瘤胃瘘管的锦江黄牛公牛,采集瘤胃液。采用单因素试验设计,试验分为6组,每组4个重复,在基础日粮中分别添加0、0.25%、0.5%、1.0%、2.0%和4.0%的黄芪多糖,体外发酵24 h后测定发酵参数、养分降解率,并评定多项指标综合指数(MFAEI)。[结果]结果表明,与对照组相比,1.0%和2.0%添加组的瘤胃液菌体蛋白(MCP)含量均显著升高(P<0.05);2.0%添加组的氨态氮(NH3-N)含量显著降低(P<0.05);1.0%添加组的丙酸含量显著升高(P<0.05),乙丙酸比值显著下降(P<0.05);0.5%、2.0%和4.0%添加组的粗蛋白(CP)降解率极显著高于对照组(P<0.01);各添加组的总产气量、pH、乙酸含量、干物质(DM)降解率、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)降解率及中性洗涤纤维(NDF)降解率与对照组相比均无显著变化(P>0.05)。MFAEI指数评定结...     

Estimates of Breed Average Direct,Maternal and Heterosis Effects for Some Pre-weaning Traits of Zebu Breeds and Their Crosses in Southeastern Mexico

Information on 936 birth weights (BW), adjusted weaning weights (AWW) and average daily gains (ADG) from Brahman (B), Indubrazil (I), Gyr (G) and commercial Zebu (C) cattle and their crosses were obtained from the records of a farm in the State of Yucatan, Mexico. Two statistical models were used to analyse the data: the first included the effects of year and season of birth, sex of the calf, cow's parity number and breed group. The other model included the same environmental effects as the previous model and the genetic components of breed group (breed additive, breed maternal and heterosis effects). Additive and maternal effects were expressed as deviations from those for the B breed. The means of BW, AWW and ADG for the B breed were 33.3 ± 0.64 kg, 204.0 ± 4.9 kg and 760.06 ± 19.24 g/day, respectively. Both models gave similar results in terms of the variance explained. Additive effects were significant (p < 0.05) for AWW and ADG but not for BW. The minor additive effect was for the C breed (−10.75 kg and −40.77 g for WW and ADG, respectively). Maternal and heterosis effects were not significant (p > 0.05) for any of the traits. The correlation between the breed group means and the means estimated by the prediction equation was r = 0.88. Finally, there was no significant genetic effect on pre-weaning calf performance among the genotypes evaluated. The genetic model can be used to predict the genotype means with a high degree of accuracy. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

高档牛肉生产技术的探讨

根据高档牛肉生产技术要点,利用夏西本三元改良牛经过育肥后生产高档牛肉,取得了良好的效果。实验结果表明,三元改良牛可以生产优质高档牛肉。实验牛屠宰前平均体重为（４８５０±５６５）ｋｇ,屠宰率为６３１５％±１４５％,净肉率为５３４５％±２６５％,高档肉块总重量占活重的５２５％。经肉品学专家评定,一致认为牛肉质量除大理石样纹理结构指标还未达到同类产品标准外,其它各项指标完全达到了国内同类产品的标准。     

Differentially expressed genes identified through RNA‐seq with extreme values of principal components for beef fatty acid in Nelore cattle

The aim of this study was to identify differentially expressed genes (DEG) in the Longissimus thoracis muscle of Nelore cattle related to fatty acid (FA) profile through RNA sequencing and principal component analysis (PCA). Two groups of 10 animals each were selected containing PC1 and PC2 extreme DEG values (HIGH × LOW) for each FA group. The intramuscular fat (IMF) was compared between cluster groups by ANOVA, and only the sum of monounsaturated FA (MUFA) and ω3 showed significant differences (p < .05). Interestingly, the highest percentage (95%) of phenotypic variation explained by the sum of the first two PC was observed for ω3, which also displayed the lowest number of DEG (n = 1). The lowest percentage (59%) was observed for MUFA, which also revealed the largest number of DEG (n = 66). Since only MUFA and ω3 exhibited significant differences between cluster groups, we can conclude that the differences observed for the remaining groups are not due to the percentage of IMF. Several genes that have been previously associated with meat quality and FA traits were identified as DEG in this study. The functional analysis revealed one KEGG pathway and eight GO terms as significant (p < .05), in which we highlighted the purine metabolism, glycolytic process, adenosine triphosphate binding and bone development. These results strongly contribute to the knowledge of the biological mechanisms involved in meat FA profile of Nelore cattle.