南阳牛IGF2基因第2外显子多态性及其与生长发育相关性研究

以126头纯种南阳黄牛为研究材料，利用PCR-RFLPs技术对胰岛素样生长因子2（IGF2）第2外显子的多态性及其与生长发育的相关性进行了分析。结果表明：南阳牛在该位点的遗传多态性丰富。检测到2种等位基因A和B，频率分别为0．6865和0．3135，A等位基因在群体中是优势等位基因；BB型个体的6、12、18、24月龄体斜长和胸围，12、18和24月龄的坐骨端宽，初生、6月龄和24月龄体重等体征性状显著地优于AA型；6月龄体斜长、12月龄的胸围、18月龄和24月龄坐骨端宽也显著优于杂合型。初步推断JGF2基因是非常有价值的辅助选择标记，可为南阳牛肉用型方向选择提供理论依据。     

肉牛对不同物理性状的玉米秸饲料利用效果的研究

为研究肉牛对不同玉米秸杆产品的利用情况,选18月龄西门塔尔牛与当地黄牛的F136头,分别用铡碎、揉碎、揉碎压捆、制粒、压块和挤压成棒状的六种玉米秸秆饲料进行了肉牛饲养试验和消化试验.结果秸秆采食量以后三种加工处理的秸秆为最高,铡碎为最低,揉碎和揉碎压捆居中;日粮表现消化率以秸秆颗粒型日粮最低,其他几种秸秆型日粮差异不大;肉牛增重以应用秸秆饲料块和秸秆饲料棒的肉牛增重效果最好,铡碎秸秆最差,揉碎和揉碎压捆居中.除铡碎型外,其他几种玉米秸杆饲料用于育肥牛均可取得较好的增重效果.     

Genetic parameters for abnormal sucking traits in Austrian Fleckvieh heifers

Cross‐sucking and intersucking are considered abnormal behaviours in cattle and constitute a common problem in dairy farming. Cross‐sucking in calves is defined as sucking any body parts of another calf whereas intersucking in heifers and cows is defined as sucking the udder or udder area. The aim of this study was to determine the genetic variability for abnormal sucking behaviour by estimating genetic parameters and examining individual differences between sires with large progeny groups. By means of a questionnaire, cattle breeders in the federal state Lower Austria were requested to identify all currently kept animals which are known of either inter‐ or cross‐sucking (both defined as the same binary trait ‘sucking’ with 0 and 1 referring to the absence and presence of this abnormal behaviour) or allowing sucking (also treated as a binary trait, scored as 1 if an animal was known of allowing herd mates to suck and 0 otherwise). Records of 1222 farms and 13 332 dual purpose Simmental females aged between 21 and 700 days were investigated applying a linear animal model with fixed herd × year × season and random genetic animal effect and a threshold sire model with the herd × year × season effect being treated as random. In total, 8.6% and 4.1% of all calves/heifers were observed sucking and allowing sucking, respectively. Heritabilities of 0.040 ± 0.014 and 0.007 ± 0.006 (linear animal model) and 0.116 ± 0.041 and 0.026 ± 0.024 (threshold model) were found for the traits sucking and allowing sucking, respectively. Breeding values were estimated applying the same models for the trait sucking. Taking all 254 sires into account, the Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients between breeding values estimated by linear animal and sire threshold model were 0.86 and 0.80. Thus, little difference was observed between the two methods.     

Effects of misty‐fan cooling and supplemental rbST on rumen function and milk production of crossbred Holstein cattle during early,mid and late lactation in a tropical environment

Two groups of five crossbred 87.5% Holstein cattle were housed in normal shade only (NS) as non‐cooled cows and in shaded housing with misty‐fan cooling (MF) as cooled cows. The cows were treated with recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) in early, mid and late lactation with three consecutive injections of rbST in every 14 days. Ambient temperatures and the temperature humidity index in the NS barn were significantly higher than those of the MF barn, whereas relative humidity in MF was higher than that of NS barn. The DMI of cooled cows were higher than those of non‐cooled cows, and cooled cows exhibited more response to rbST treatment. Exogenous rbST significantly increased milk yield throughout lactation. The rbST‐treated cows had higher total ruminal fermentation products as volatile fatty acid and ammonia nitrogen than the non‐rbST treated cows and associated changes were greater in cooled animals in all stages of lactation. Exogenous rbST increased the concentrations of milk urea nitrogen in both groups. These results suggest that the changes in ruminal fermentation with greater production of total VFA and NH₃N in response to rbST in crossbred cows whether under misty‐fan cooling or not, is in part through an increase in feed intake, thereby making more substrate available to the mammary gland for milk synthesis.     

Effects of forage type,body condition and single‐nucleotide polymorphisms in the bovine cytochrome P450 regulatory region on cow productivity*

Single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the coding sequence of cytochrome p450 (CYP3A28) have been associated with milk yield and composition, and calving traits in cows. In this study, we aimed to determine whether (i) the CYP3A28 regulatory region was polymorphic and (ii) SNP genotype, forage type, body condition and their interactions affect cow productivity. Primers for CYP3A28 promoter were designed to amplify a 483‐bp segment by PCR. Amplicon sequences revealed seven SNP (T‐318C, T‐113A, C‐189T, T‐78G, A6G, G17A and T21C) in Brahman (38 cows), Brahman x Angus reciprocal crosses (47 cows) and crossbreds (98 cows). Angus cows (n = 41) appeared to be fixed at those SNP locations. Genotype and forage {endophyte‐infected tall fescue [KY+; Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) S. J. Darbyshire] vs. bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.]} effects on lifetime (8‐years) calving rate, and calf weaning weights and heights were determined in Herd 1 (126 cows); genotype and BC (low vs. moderate) effects on calving date and calving percent were determined in Herd 2 (98 cows). Four SNP (T‐318C, T‐113A, A06G and T21C) appeared to be related to cattle productivity, CC cows at T‐318C having a lower (p < 0.05) lifetime calving rate than TC or TT cows (65%, 85% and 81% respectively). Cows that grazed KY+ and were TT at T‐318C produced calves that tended (p < 0.07) to weigh less than their contemporaries. Moreover, calves of TT cows were shorter (p < 0.05) at weaning than calves of CC or TC cows. In Herd 2, moderate‐BC cows that were TT or AA at T‐318C, T‐113A, T‐78G, A6G and T21C had greater (p < 0.05) calving rates (74–80%) than heterozygous cows (46–60%), and low‐BC cows that were AA at G17A calved at least 6 days earlier (p < 0.05) than heterozygous cows. Our findings suggest that SNP in the CYP3A28 regulatory region of Brahman‐influenced cows are associated with cattle productivity.     

黄牛发情规律观察

黄牛及其改良牛的配种受胎率是体现肉牛生产力的重要指标。为提高母牛的繁殖率和肉牛业的经济效益,本文对多年来通过外部观察和直肠触诊积累的母牛发情时的行为表现及生理特点进行了初步的汇总分析,结果表明:①爬跨行为是群养牛群发情的主要特征,而鸣叫不安、食欲减退是散养牛发情的主要特征;②母牛发情多在早晨6:00-11:00及下午16:00- 19:00,发情持续期平均为25-26 h;③由发情开始到排卵的持续时间平均为33．98 h;排卵高峰多集中在12:00-14:00和晚上23:00到次日凌晨3:00;④卵泡发育以直径0．8-1．2 cm居多;⑤在发情开始后24 h输精,可望有一个较高的受胎率。     

鲁西牛的染色体研究

研究了40头鲁西牛(♂37,♀3,2n=60)染色体的 G 带,R 带,C 带及Ag-NOR,着重分析了 y 染色体的形态及带型。在常规 Giemsa 染色的分裂相上,y染色体和小的常染色体形态相近。经常规—C 带连续染色,准确识别出 y 染色体之后测量了18条 y 染色体,臂比为3.19,属亚端着丝点染色体。y 染色体的着丝点区和短臂与常染色体的着丝点区和短臂在 G 带、C 带的带型上差别很大,表明构成它们 DNA的硷基成份有差别。统计的152个细胞的 Ag-NOR 中,平均每细胞 Ag-NOR 数为5.81±1.38,变化范围2—9。按染色体长度排列,NOR 位于2、3、4、11、22(或21)和28号常染色体末端。第22(或21)号染色体上存在 NOR 在其它牛种上尚未有过报道。     

青海黄牛血清运铁蛋白多态性研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法对１００头青海黄牛的血清运铁蛋白多态性进行了研究。结果发现：青海黄牛血清运铁蛋白位点存在ＴＦ￣Ａ，ＴＦ￣Ｂ，ＴＦ￣Ｄ１，ＴＦ￣Ｄ２，ＴＦ￣Ｆ，ＴＦ￣Ｅ６个等位基因，总共构成１３个基因型。与国内１２个品种黄牛的遗传距离和聚类分析表明，青海黄牛与蒙古牛的亲缘关系最近（Ｄｍ＝０．１１７８）。     

快速凝集试验与补体结合试验检测牛边缘无浆体感染的效果对比

从138份血清样品的比较试验结果显示，快速凝集试验（RCA）比补体结合试验（CF）检测边缘无浆体感染的敏感性高（88．9％：81．5％），假阴性率低（11．1％：18．5％），两者都具有良好的特异性和预测性，检测阳性符合率高，快速凝集试验对一次感染牛的持续检出阳性时间更长久（303天：92天）     

Breeding distribution and maternal genetic lineages in Lulu,a dwarf cattle population in Nepal

Lulu is a dwarf cattle population bred in the Mustang district of western and central Nepal. This area is located around the habitat boundary between Bos taurus and Bos indicus. The peculiarities of Lulu are their small size (weight range in the adult female: 68–153 kg) and rearing in high mountain areas at 2800 m to 4000 m in altitude. There were 5770 head of Lulu cattle in the Mustang district in 1998, 4333 females and 1437 males. The morphological appearance of Lulu is Bos taurus. However, one of the five Lulu studied in Kagbeni, Mustang had a Bos indicus mitochondrial DNA type based on the D‐loop sequence, while the other four were Bos taurus. It is suggested that there are hybrids of Lulu with Bos indicus maternal lineage in a mostly taurine‐breed genetic background. Steps must be taken to preserve the unique Lulu.