A New Host for Meloidogyne incognita （Kofoid ＆ White 1919） Chitwood, 1949 （Nemata： Tylenchida） in Turkey： Potato

Potato is the main material of nutrition comes after the wheat and, is subjected to attacks of different plant parasitic nematodes which cause serious damages in our country. Especially, root-knot nematodes cause serious crop losses on them. Due to usage oflnfested seeds, parasitic nematodes are increasing from year to year. In our country, so far, many infested hosts of Meloidogyne incognita （Kofoid ＆White, 1919） Chitwood, 1949 were detected but there is no report on investigation on potato. During this study, adult females of root-knot nematodes were obtained via extracting gals of 133 tuber samples, collected potatoes fields in the Marmara region especially Balikesir, Bilecik, Bursa, Canakkale, Edirne, Istanbul, Kirklareli, Kocaeli, Sakarya and Tekirdag provinces during 2007-2008. During identification the species, second stage larvae were taken into consideration as well as genital preparations of adult females. For the identification classical methods were used together with molecular methods. As result, M. incognita was detected, only species detected among the Meloidogyne genus upon the 10 provinces investigated in Edirne province, Bosna village. This is the first report of the infestation of this species potato and also in Marmara Region.     

南疆土壤线虫及微生物对枣树与绿豆间作种植方式的响应

通过研究新疆枣树与绿豆间作对枣园土壤线虫群落结构及土壤微生物数量的影响,以评价枣园间作绿豆的合理性。对新疆和田枣园枣树单作及间作条件下的枣树根际土壤线虫群落组成、营养结构及微生物数量进行分析。结果表明,与枣树单作相比,枣园行间间作绿豆,枣树根际土壤线虫群落组成发生改变,浅层及深层土壤食细菌线虫比例增高18.93%和21.45%,植物寄生线虫比例降低62.56%和61.62%;枣豆间作枣树根际浅层、深层土壤细菌数量显著增加,分别增加51.51%、41.13%,真菌数量显著降低,分别降低50.11%和37.53%,使得土壤由"真菌型"向"细菌型"转变;土壤浅层、深层pH降低至7.92和7.93,浅层、深层含水量上升至7.57%和5.80%。枣树间作绿豆有益于枣树根际土壤健康。     

Investigation of Mycobacterium bovis and Metastrongylus sp. co-infection and its relationship to tuberculosis lesions’ occurrence in wild boars

Animal tuberculosis (aTB) is a zoonotic disease characterized by granulomatous lesions on affected tissues, occurring as a consequence of immunological response to infection. Mycobacterium bovis, the main causative agent of aTB, was investigated in Brazilian wild boars with 37.7 % (29/77) positivity. Among these animals, most had no macroscopic tuberculosis-like lesions (89.6 %; 26/29). The existence of co-infections, which may alter an individual's immune response to an immunological challenge, could influence the formation of tuberculosis lesions. Therefore, we investigated Metastrongylus sp. and aTB co-infection to seek an explanation for the absence of macroscopic lesions in aTB. Of the tested animals, 77.9 % (60/77) had Metastrongylus sp., however, there was no association between its occurrence and the pattern of aTB lesions. The absence of tuberculous lesions in infected animals is worrisome, especially to hunters who handle their carcasses, potentially assuming that the animal is healthy. Studies evaluating other possibilities that can explain the absence of lesions in infected animals should be carried out to better understand these findings.     

Nematophagous Verticillium spp. in soils infested with Meloidogyne spp. in Cuba: Isolation and screening

Root-knot nematodes cause substantial economic loss of yield in coffee plantations and vegetable crops in Cuba. At present, methods to control the nematodes are ineffective or inappropriate and alternatives are being sought. The nematophagous fungus Verticillium chlamydosporium (Goddard) was isolated from soils collected from coffee plantations and infected root-knot nematode eggs from roots of tomato plants grown in these soils. A total of 83 isolates were collected and identified morphologically as V. chlamydosporium var. chlamydosporium, V. chlamydosporium var. catenulatum, V. psalliotae, V. suchlasporium and an isolate of V. chlamydosporium var. chlamydosporium with unusually large dictyochlamydospores. From these, 24 that represented a range of origins were selected and screened for their ability to parasitize eggs of root-knot nematodes, colonize the rhizosphere of barley roots and produce chlamydospores. None of the isolates grew at temperatures below 15°C and V. suchlasporium grew at a faster rate at lower temperatures than the other isolates. These were also screened in the glasshouse and V. chlamydosporium var. catenulatum caused the greatest reduction in nematode populations. One isolate of each subspecies of V. chlamydosporium was tested with the standard, Rothamsted isolate 10, on a range of host plants. The greatest reduction in numbers of nematodes occurred on tomato plants (cv. Pixie). The Rothamsted isolate 10 reduced numbers of nematodes toa greater extent than the other isolates, and therefore has the greatest potential as a biological control agent of root-knot nematodes.     

放牧管理对青藏高原东缘高寒草甸土壤线虫的影响及作用机制

不同强度、季节的放牧是草地生态系统中主要的放牧管理措施,在生物多样性维持以及生态过程发挥中起着重要的作用,然而,关于青藏高原东缘高寒草甸地区放牧对土壤线虫群落的研究甚少。本文调查了放牧（轻度、中度和重度）对植物群落、土壤理化性质和线虫群落的影响。结果表明：植物群落、土壤理化性质和线虫群落受到放牧、时间以及放牧和时间共同作用的影响;食细菌线虫、植物凋落物生物量、根生物量、土壤含水量、土壤有机碳含量在轻度放牧草地内最高（p＜0.05）;杂类草生物量在中度放牧草地内最高;杂食线虫数量在重度放牧地内最低（p＜0.05）。植物群落和土壤特性与土壤线虫群落有明显的相关关系（p＜0.05）。结构方程模型显示食草动物主要通过植物群落影响植食和食细菌线虫,进一步的研究应针对植物群落多样性以及个体特征对线虫群落的影响。     

人工接种测定水稻干尖线虫在水稻上的病害发展动态

 【目的】探讨近年来江苏水稻生产上的重要病害水稻—“小穗头”和水稻干尖线虫间的相互关系。【方法】在水稻“小穗头”上分离出干尖线虫，经人工培养，在温室中接种到镇稻2号和武运粳7号的芽鞘部和叶鞘部，通过测定发病程度，稻谷饱满度，谷粒中线虫虫量和线虫死亡率等指标来确定对“小穗头”形成以及对水稻生长发育的影响。【结果】 镇稻2号“小穗头”与健康稻穗相比水稻株高下降6.7%、稻穗长度减少16.4%、稻谷粒数下降13.5%。在开花期之前，线虫主要分布于叶鞘部和生长点周围，虫量增加40%;花期后，线虫主要分布于稻穗上并且虫量增幅达90.8%。饱粒种子中带虫率、线虫虫量最高，空粒种子则最低。线虫死亡率在胚乳发育正常的种子中要比胚乳发育不正常的种子低。【结论】水稻干尖线虫是造成水稻“小穗头”症状的病原。武运粳7号仅表现“小穗头”而无叶片干尖症状，说明该现象是干尖线虫在水稻上呈现的新症状。     

Contributions of soil biota to C sequestration varied with aggregate fractions under different tillage systems

It is increasingly believed that substantial soil organic carbon (SOC) can be sequestered in conservation tillage system by manipulating the functional groups of soil biota. Soil aggregates of different size provide diverse microhabitats for soil biota and consequently influence C sequestration. Our objective was to evaluate the contributions of soil biota induced by tillage systems to C sequestration among different aggregate size fractions. Soil microbial and nematode communities were examined within four aggregate fractions: large macroaggregates (>2 mm), macroaggregates (2–1 mm), small macroaggregates (1–0.25 mm) and microaggregates (<0.25 mm) isolated from three tillage systems: no tillage (NT), ridge tillage (RT) and conventional tillage (CT) in Northeast China. Soil microbial and nematode communities varied across both tillage systems and aggregate fractions. The activity and abundance of microbes and nematodes were generally higher under NT and RT than under CT. Among the four aggregate fractions, soil microbial biomass and diversity were higher in microaggregates, while soil nematode abundance and diversity were higher in large macroaggregates. Structural equation modelling (SEM) revealed that the linkage between microbial and nematode communities and their contributions to soil C accumulation in >1 mm aggregate fractions were different from those in <1 mm aggregate fractions. Higher abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) could enhance C retention within >1 mm aggregates, while more gram-positive bacteria and plant-parasitic nematodes might increase C accumulation within <1 mm aggregates. Our findings suggested that the increase in microbial biomass and nematode abundance and the alteration in their community composition at the micro-niche within aggregates could contribute to the higher C sequestration in conservation tillage systems (NT and RT).     

Equine Testicular Lesions Related to Invasion by Nematodes

Nematodes of the genuses Strongylus and Setaria are able to erratically migrate to the equine testis and provoke characteristic inflammatory changes. Moreover, the presence of living parasites in scrotal testes is a scarce finding in which only the tracts and related lesions may be observed. In a 20-year experience of equine testes observed in abattoirs, 13 cases of atypical inflammatory lesions in scrotal testes were collected. On opening of the vaginal cavity, hydrocele was consistantly observed, and the Morgagni's appendix was enlarged, prominent, and reddish. Large, elongated, or irregular prominent red to yellow areas were visible on the testicular or epididymal serosa. Edematous enlargement of the epididymal head or tail was occasionally observed. In two cases, the described lesions were detected together with nematodes of the species Setaria equina, free and viable or encapsulated in the visceral and parietal layers of the tunica vaginalis, confirming the hypothesized cause. Histologically, the serosal lesions were interpreted as parasitic tracts, characterized by hemorrhage and leukocyte infiltrates in recent lesions or by granulation tissue with numerous macrophages in elderly ones. In the latter, areas of squamous metaplasia could be observed in the appendix testis and in the epididymal duct. Associated microscopic lesions included diffuse periorchitis, lymphocytic interstitial orchitis with mild to severe degeneration of seminiferous tubules, and vasculitis, epididymitis, and sperm granuloma.     

Efficacy of aluminium phosphide as a soil fumigant against nematode and weed in tomato crop

Aluminium phosphide (AlP) is a widely used fumigant due to its ability to kill a broad spectrum of stored-grain insect pests and its easy penetration into the commodity while leaving minimal residues. Field trials were conducted to ascertain the efficacy of AlP as a methyl bromide (MeBr) alternative in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Six treatments were replicated five times in a randomized complete block design: fumigation with MeBr (400 kg ha⁻¹), three AlP doses (18.75, 37.50 and 56.25 kg ha⁻¹), an avermectin dose (7.5 L ha⁻¹), and a non-treated control. Results consistently indicated that MeBr was generally superior to the treatments involving all AlP and avermectin, which in turn were superior to the control, for improving tomato yield, inhibiting nematode and weed. In two successive seasons, AlP at the dose of 56.25 kg ha⁻¹ was as effective as MeBr in increasing plant height and vigor as well as maintaining excellent tomato yield, but it providing relatively medium control over nematode and weeds. The present data support the conclusion that AlP is a promising alternative to MeBr for managing nematodes and weeds in tomato crop and can be used effectively in integrated pest management programs.     

番茄砧木及品种对南方根结线虫的抗性鉴定

 为了测定3种番茄砧木及7个番茄品种对南方根结线虫的抗病程度, 采用室内盆栽番茄人工接种南方根结线虫法调查番茄植株对根结线虫的抗性指标, 结果表明: 国外引进的5 个番茄抗性品种(Trofeo、Beatrice、1411、Romana、Garry) 及两个番茄砧木( Energy、He-Man) 均为抗性品种; 荷兰的Cairo和国内的耐线虫番茄品种中华一号为感病品种, 番茄砧木Beaufort为中感品种。