Assessing the impact of cultivation and plant domestication of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) on soil properties and associated plant-parasitic nematode communities

We investigated the interactive effects of plant domestication and perennial cultivation on diversity and richness of plant-parasitic nematode (PPN) communities associated with highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum). Rhizospheric soil of V. corymbosum plants was sampled in coupled wild and cultivated sites within the Pinelands National Reserve. Although PPN diversity was higher in cultivated plant soil samples, richness was higher in wild plant soil samples. The most important soil properties, iron and calcium, were associated with cultivated soil and were the best predictors of genera abundance patterns. Nematodes in the genus Criconemoides were 187× more abundant in wild sites than cultivated and thus, were significant indicators of wild sites. In this study cultivation of V. corymbosum appears to benefit the PPN community but alters the community composition considerably.     

Nematode succession and microfauna-microorganism interactions during root residue decomposition

The quality of plant material affects the vigor of the decomposition process and composition of the decomposer biota. Root residues from hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), rye (Secale cereale L.) and vetch+rye, packed in litterbags were placed in pots of soil at 15 C and the content of the bags was analyzed after 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Bacterial biomass did not differ between residues with contrasting composition. Among bacterivores groups of nematodes that require high bacterial production dominated in fast decomposing resources whereas flagellates with smaller requirements prevail in slower decomposing resources. Biomass of bacterial feeding nematodes correlated positively with early phase (0-2 wk) decomposition that increased in the order: rye< vetch+rye<vetch. Bacterial biomass therefore seems to be under top-down (predation) control during early decomposition. In contrast, the fungal biomass differed between resources with highest values for rye. Moreover, this increase in fungal biomass occurred later during succession and was correlated with decomposition activity for rye in that period. Fungal biomass therefore seems to be under bottom-up (resource) control. The composition of the nematode assemblages (composed of 25 taxa) showed a clear relationship to initial plant resource quality as well as decomposition phase. Early successional microbivorous nematodes vary according to resource quality with demanding bacterivores+predators (Neodiplogasteridae) dominating in vetch and less demanding bacterivores (Rhabditidae) and fungivores (Aphelenchus) being equally common in vetch and rye. Later in the succession (2-4 wk) bacterivorous Cephalobidae and fungivorous Aphelenchoides prevailed similarly on the different root materials whereas bacterivorous protozoa and the amoebal fraction thereof dominated in rye. At week 12 no species dominated the nematode assemblages that were similar between the resources. The differences between nematode assemblages among plant resources at 2 week were similar to the results of a field study sampled after 6 weeks with the same soil and plant resources. This lends support to the relevance of the successional patterns observed in this incubation study.     

Short-term effects of different tillage in a sustainable farming system on nematode community structure

This study investigated the effects of different tillage practices on the nematode community structure. The different tillage systems were: untilled control, conventional deep plough, two-layer plough and cultivator. Sampling was carried out in a field experiment at Wörrstadt-Rommersheim (Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany) in order to study the effects of these tillage systems in a sustainable farming system. Soil samples were taken every 3?months from June 1994 to March 1995 and divided into two depths of 0–10 and 10–20?cm in order to study the vertical distribution of nematode density and community structure. Nematode density was significantly reduced after the first tillage. The second tillage had no effect on the nematode density, whereas the nematode community structure was strongly influenced on both structural (taxonomic) and functional (trophic group, life strategy) level. After tillage, the density of plant parasitic nematodes decreased and the density and dominance of bacterivorous nematodes increased. In the tilled plots, and especially in the cultivator and the two-layer plough plot, the nematode community was dominated by bacterial feeders, whereas, in the untilled control, plant feeders were more dominant. Our results showed that the nematode Maturity Index and Plant Parasite Index are suitable for indicating immediate tillage effects on the nematode community.     

动物线虫抗药机制研究进展

[目的]克服由于驱寄生虫药物抗药性的产生而严重制约世界畜牧业发展的问题。[方法]介绍动物线虫对苯并咪唑类、咪唑并噻唑类和大环内酯抗生素类3类驱虫药物的抗药机制的研究进展。[结果]动物寄生线虫对驱虫药的抗药机制主要是在线虫与药物选择压力的共同作用下,首先发生于药物受体基因的点突变,使其编码的药物受体结构改变而引起与药物的作用效应发生不同程度的变化,线虫获得一定的抗药性并将这些抗药基因变异遗传。[结论]动物线虫抗药机制的研究对控制线虫的感染和准确检测线虫抗药性均有重要意义。     

Endectocide activity of a new long-action formulation containing 2.25% ivermectin+1.25% abamectin in cattle

The present work aimed to evaluate the endectocide activity of a new injectable long-action formulation, containing ivermectin (IVM) and abamectin (ABA). In each one of the four experiments performed, the following groups were formed: group I: 2.25% IVM (450 microg/kg)+1.25% ABA (250 microg/kg), group II: 3.15% IVM (630 microg/kg) and group III: control. Eighteen bovine naturally infected by gastrointestinal nematoda were selected for anthelmintic evaluation and necropsied on posttreatment day (PTD) 14 to estimate the total parasitic burden. For the Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus field trial, 30 bovine were selected by means of counts of semi-engorged R. (B.) microplus and the therapeutic and residual efficacy evaluated by tick counts on PTDs 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 63, 70, 77, 84 and 91. In the stall test, 15 calves were artificially infested with 5000 R. (B.) microplus (Mozzo strain) larvae three times a week and daily collections of all the engorged female ticks detached from each calf were performed until the PTD 80. Forty bovine naturally infected with Dermatobia hominis larvae were selected and the number of larvae was counted by visual and tactile inspection on PTDs 3, 7, 14, 28, 35, 49, 63, 77, 91 and 105. In this trial, a formulation containing 1% doramectin (200 microg/kg) was also used. IVM+ABA formulation and 3.15% IVM eliminated four of the eight species of nematode identified. The anthelmintic efficacy of the avermectins association against Haemonchus placei, Cooperia spatulata and C. punctata was 89.64%, 98.84% and 97.69%, while 3.15% IVM achieved 30.98%, 84.79% and 75.56%, respectively. The two formulations evaluated showed reduced acaricide action on the PTD 1 and 3, reaching high efficacy percentages from PTD 14 onward. The IVM+ABA showed efficacy above 95% in the period between PTDs 21 and 49. In the stall test, it observed no difference (P>0.05) between the two formulations regarding the R. (B.) microplus counts during the entire evaluation period. IVM+ABA reduced the number of ticks from the PTD 1 to 77 (P<0.05) and 3.15% IVM reduced (P<0.05) the tick number from PTD 4 up to PTD 80. The three endectocides showed no difference (P>0.05) regarding the number of D. hominis larvae and prevented this parasite reestablishment until PTD 105. These results indicate that the IVM+ABA association showed higher anthelmintic activity and similar efficacy against arthropods to the formulation containing 3.15% IVM.     

大豆胞囊线虫4号生理小种不同抗性材料根系分泌物对其抗病性的影响

为研究大豆根系分泌物与大豆对胞囊线虫4号生理小种抗性的关系,以CBL黑豆(抗)和品75-14(感)为试材,收集其不同处理的根系分泌物,测定根系分泌物对胞囊线虫4号生理小种卵孵化的影响和对二龄幼虫的趋化性,并测定了根系分泌物中氨基酸成分及含量,分析了其与大豆对胞囊线虫4号生理小种抗性之间的相关性。结果表明:CBL黑豆根系分泌物能抑制线虫卵的孵化,而品75-14根系分泌物能刺激卵的孵化。品75-14根系分泌物对二龄幼虫趋化性影响显著大于CBL黑豆。在供试材料大豆根系分泌物中共检测出17种氨基酸。无论接种与否,品75-14根系分泌物中氨基酸总量高于CBL黑豆,是CBL黑豆根系分泌物中氨基酸总量的2倍多。与不接种对照相比,接种后CBL黑豆和品75-14根系分泌物氨基酸总量都表现为增加,且品75-14增幅大于CBL黑豆,品75-14根系分泌物中氨基酸总量增加了297.29μg·g-1FW,而CBL黑豆增加了191.15μg·g-1FW。根据氨基酸增幅及变化规律,将氨基酸分为3类:第一类为苯丙氨酸,与大豆对胞囊线虫4号小种的抗性呈正相关;第二类包含3种氨基酸,分别为苏氨酸、丝氨酸和蛋氨酸,与抗性不相关;第三类包含其余13种氨基酸,与抗性呈负相关。     

旱地红壤线虫群落对不同耕作年限的响应及指示意义

我国热带和亚热带地区的红壤农田肥力水平低,严重制约着农业生产力的提升。不同农业管理措施会对土壤理化性质和生物群落产生不同的影响。本文研究了不同耕作年限条件下的旱地土壤,选取耕作10 a、20 a、50 a的花生地和菜地,并以未开垦的原始荒地作为对照。结果显示,与荒地相比,各年限花生地的土壤肥力等指标表现出下降的趋势,菜地土壤的各项性质则呈现提升的趋势。耕作20 a的花生地土壤有机碳、全氮、微生物生物量碳、有效磷等指标均最低,同时耕作50 a的菜地各项性质相对于10 a有显著的提升(p0.05)。花生地中植食性线虫比例伴随耕作年限延长而下降,而菜地中食细菌线虫比例伴随耕作年限延长而逐渐上升。从线虫生态指标数据显示,花生地相对于频繁施肥和耕作的菜地表现出更为稳定的土壤食物网。因此,线虫群落对不同耕作年限下旱地红壤生态系统的变化表现出一定的指示潜力。     

Interplay of omnivory, energy channels and C availability in a microbial-based soil food web

 To study the effects of omnivory on the structure and function of soil food webs and on the control of trophic-level biomasses in soil, two food webs were established in microcosms. The first one contained fungi, bacteria, a fungivorous nematode (Aphelenchoides saprophilus) and a bacterivorous nematode (Caenorhabditis elegans), and the second one fungi, bacteria, the fungivore and an omnivorous nematode (Mesodiplogaster sp.) feeding on both bacteria and the fungivore. Half of the replicates of each food web received additional glucose. The microcosms were sampled destructively at 5, 9, 13 and 19 weeks to estimate the biomass of microbes and nematodes and the soil NH₄ ⁺-N concentration. The evolution of CO₂ was measured to assess microbial respiration. Microbial respiration was increased and soil NH₄ ⁺-N concentration decreased by the addition of glucose, whereas neither was affected by the food-web structure. Supplementary energy increased the biomass of fungi and the fungivore, but decreased the biomass of bacteria, the bacterivore and the omnivore. The omnivore achieved greater biomass than the bacterivore and reduced the bacterial biomass less than the bacterivore. The biomass of the fungivore was smaller in the presence of the omnivore than in the presence of the bacterivore at three sampling occasions. Fungal biomass was not affected by food-web structure. The results show that the effects of the omnivore were restricted to its resources, whereas more remote organisms and soil processes were not substantially influenced. The results also indicate that the presence of an omnivore does not necessarily alter the control of populations as compared with a food web containing distinct trophic levels, and that the fungal and bacterial channels may respond differently to changes in energy supply. Received: 15 December 1997     

药剂处理对重茬大棚草莓根际微生物的影响

在初果期、盛果期和采果末期3个时期,研究了3种处理(太阳能防治剂、无公害草莓重茬病防治剂、溴甲烷)对重茬大棚丰香草莓根际土壤微生物数量的影响,从根际土壤中分离筛选得到14个纯菌株并做了初步的菌属鉴定,试验结果表明:药剂处理后的土壤比对照真菌、放线菌数量减少,细菌数量增多,真菌与细菌的比值显著降低,并与果实产量有显著相关性;线虫数量的变化趋势为初果期多,盛果期、采果末期逐渐减少。     

Soil nematode assemblages as bioindicators of primary succession along a 120-year-old chronosequence on the Hailuogou Glacier forefield,SW China

Successional dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems is important for interactions between aboveground and belowground subsystems. In this study, nematode communities in a Hailuogou Glacier Chronosequence from seven stages were investigated to determine whether changes in soil phosphorus (P) and nematode assemblages parallel those observed in aboveground communities, and whether the primary succession in this chronosequence has entered a retrogressive phase after 120 years of succession. The initial 40-year succession, including stages 2, 3 and 4, can be viewed as a build-up phase. Especially at stage 3, vegetation succession from grassland to forest accelerated the accumulation of plant litter and bioavailable P, paralleled with a sharp increase in nematode abundance. The mature phases covering stages 5, 6 and 7 displayed most balanced nematode communities, in which abundance, taxon richness, maturity index and structure index were at highest. However, the last stage 7 appeared to show some retrogressive characteristics, as suggested by the reduced bioavailability of P and a significant decrease in nematode densities, along with the disappearance of some rare genera of nematodes from higher trophic guilds, resulting in decreases in the nematode channel ratio, plant parasite index and enrichment index. Thus, the Hailuogou Glacier Chronosequence may enter its retrogressive phase during the next decade or century. A bacterial-based nematode energy channel dominated the chronosequence during the development; by contrast, a fungivore-based channel was activated at the early and late stages, because fungivores are better adapted to nutrient-poor environments. Our results demonstrated that different nematode guilds have contrasting responses to chronosequence stages, possibly due to their different responses to bottom-up and top-down controls. Furthermore, soil nematode communities could be used as sensitive bioindicators of soil health in glacial-retreat areas.