55年来黄土高原边缘地区耕地动态变化的多尺度分析

本文对地处干旱、半干旱黄土高原生态脆弱地带的大同市耕地现状和1949—2003年间耕地总量变化进行分析,同时采用Morlet小波变换方法,对大同市耕地面积变化进行了多时间尺度和相应的周期变化特征分析,得出55年来大同市耕地面积变化具有2—3年和6年左右的年际尺度周期变化,并预测未来大同市耕地面积变化趋势;运用主成分分析方法分析得出耕地动态变化的驱动机制为人口因素、农业现代化水平、经济发展水平三个方面,所得结论有利于在科学的指导下采取措施稳定耕地面积,为干旱半干旱地区耕地的可持续利用提供科学依据,对相关省市农业可持续发展具有重要意义。     

广州市土地利用生态服务价值测算研究

定量研究经济发达地区土地利用与生态服务价值的变化情况,可为生态资源的合理定价与有效补偿,促进自然生态系统与社会经济系统的协调发展提供科学依据.利用单一土地利用动态度模型、土地利用程度综合指数和土地利用程度变化率分析了广州市土地利用的变化情况;参考Costanza及谢高地等人的生态服务价值系数,对广州市生态服务价值及其影响机制进行了定量研究;并应用相关性分析和敏感性分析方法探讨了生态服务价值与主要社会经济因子的关系.研究结果表明,广州市土地利用的生态系统服务价值总体呈逐年下降趋势,其中林地、水域和园地等地类的生态服务价值所占比例较大,土地利用结构和各类土地面积的变化直接影响到生态服务价值量的变化,广州市生态服务价值与总人口、GDP及城市化水平间均存在负相关关系,说明该市社会经济的发展是以生态服务价值的损失为代价的,生态系统服务价值的变化对人口、GDP和城市化水平总体上缺乏弹性.相对而言,对于人口的变动较为敏感,其次是城市化水平,对GDP变动的影响敏感性最弱.     

基于机器视觉的玉米果穗参数的图像测量方法

在玉米育种和品质研究中,经常需要对玉米的果穗长度、果穗宽度、穗行数、穗粒数等参数进行测量。该研究提出了一种基于机器视觉的玉米果穗参数图像测量方法。使用PC摄像头连续采集旋转台上的玉米果穗图像,经过图像处理,获得玉米穗的图像区域,进而得到玉米果穗的穗长和穗宽参数;通过对玉米果穗局部区域的x方向和y方向累计像素值曲线进行分析,提取出玉米穗行,获得每一穗行的穗粒数和穗行宽度;通过图像匹配,获得玉米果穗的穗行数。试验表明,使用该研究方法对玉米果穗的长度、宽度和穗行数的参数测量准确率可达98%以上,对穗行宽及总穗粒数测量准确率达95%以上,整穗的平均检测时间约102 s/穗。该研究实现了玉米果穗参数快速有效的自动检测,相对于目前采用的人工检测,大大提供检测效率,降低劳动强度,可应用于玉米千粒质量检测、产量预测、育种和品质分析等场合。     

实测高光谱和HSI影像的区域土壤含水量遥感监测研究

基于典型研究区植被冠层实测高光谱数据和HSI高光谱影像数据,通过相关分析选择与不同深度土壤含水量响应敏感波段,建立两者的土壤含水量反演模型,并用实测高光谱土壤含水量反演模型校正HSI影像土壤含水量反演的模型。结果表明:土壤含水量响应敏感波段区域为450~650 nm和850~920 nm;两种土壤含水量反演模型对土壤深度为0~10 cm的土壤含水量估算效果最好,其中实测冠层高光谱土壤含水量反演模型精度高于HSI影像土壤含水量反演模型,判定系数(R~2)分别为0.659和0.557;经过校正的HSI影像土壤含水量反演模型精度有了较大的提高,判定系数(R~2)从0.557提升到0.719,均方根误差(RMSE)为0.043 5,较好地提高了区域尺度条件下土壤含水量监测精度,因此运用该方法进行土壤含水量遥感监测是可行的,为进一步提高区域尺度下土壤含水量定量遥感监测提供参考借鉴。     

基于多光谱影像反演土壤盐分的建模方法研究

土壤盐分的定量遥感反演,为快速、准确、全面地监测盐渍化状况提供了可能。本文以黄河三角洲地区垦利县为例,实地调查采集土壤样本,并获取同时相Landsat 8影像,建立土壤盐分遥感反演的BP神经网络、偏最小二乘回归、主成分分析、多元线性回归多种模型,进而进行精度对比分析,评价、优选最佳建模方法,最后,基于最佳模型进行研究区土壤盐分的空间分布反演分析。结果显示:遥感影像的反射率与土壤盐分含量并不是单纯的线性关系,构建的盐分估测模型BP神经网络预测决定系数为0.8467,均方根误差为0.071,明显高于传统线性统计模型,能较好地模拟土壤盐分与光谱数据的关系。该研究既能为盐渍土的治理、利用提供数据支持,又能推动盐渍化区域遥感研究的定量发展。     

运用模糊隶属度进行土壤属性制图的研究——以黑龙江鹤山农场研究区为例

通过传统土壤类型图所得的土壤属性图已不能满足精准农业和生态环境模型所需土壤属性的精度,而目前应用较多的统计方法和地统计方法均存在一定的局限性。鉴于此,本文探索了一种采用模糊聚类获取模糊隶属度进行土壤属性制图的方法。首先,采用模糊c均值聚类(Fuzzyc-means clustering,FCM)方法对环境因子进行聚类,通过野外采样(称为建模点)建立土壤-环境关系知识;然后,计算区域内各像元点对土壤类型的模糊隶属度;最后,对模糊隶属度采用加权平均的方法获取土壤属性值。将该方法应用于黑龙江鹤山农场老莱河流域的研究小区,以土体厚度和表层有机质为例进行土壤属性制图。为了评价该方法的有效性,将其与采用环境因子所建立的多元线性回归模型进行比较,通过野外验证点集评价两种模型所得的土壤属性,评价指标为观测值和预测值的相关系数、平均绝对误差(MAE)、均方根误差(RMSE)和准确度(AC)。结果表明,尽管通过建模点建立的多元线性回归方程R2较大,但该方程并不适用于研究区内的其他样本点,这表明多元线性回归方法在该区具有一定的局限性。与之相比,模糊隶属度加权平均的方法则可以通过较少的建模点得到更好的预测效果。     

土地利用多功能性评价及空间差异研究

采用熵权TOPSIS和聚类分析对江苏省土地利用多功能性评价及空间差异研究可以对改善江苏省13市土地利用环境,提高土地利用效率提供有效对策,为促进区域土地利用的可持续发展提供依据。研究结果表明:苏州和无锡土地利用多功能性综合水平处于良好阶段,两个城市的土地利用多功能性具有较强的相似性;徐州、宿迁、淮安、盐城、南通、泰州、扬州、南京、常州和镇江的土地利用多功能性综合水平处于一般阶段,而连云港土地利用多功能性综合水平还处于较差阶段,其中南京、常州、镇江、南通和扬州土地利用多功能性相似性较高,徐州、宿迁、淮安、盐城、连云港和泰州土地利用多功能性具有较高相似性。通过江苏省土地利用多功能性分析,苏南地区苏州和无锡土地利用综合功能发挥较好,苏南其他地区和苏中地区土地利用社会功能和生态功能水平还需进一步提高,苏北地区土地利用的经济功能、社会功能和生态功能普遍较弱,还有很大提升空间。江苏省13市土地利用多功能性的发展水平在苏南、苏中和苏北各有不同,需要根据各地的具体土地利用情况制定具体措施提升土地利用率。     

Mass propagation of Satyrium nepalense D.Don.—A medicinal orchid via seed culture

An in vitro plant regeneration protocol was successfully established in Satyrium nepalense, a terrestrial orchid by culturing immature seeds from unripe fruits. Seeds were germinated on Murashige and Skoog, Knudson C and Knudson C modified Morel medium. The germination of the seeds and development of protocorm was highest in MS medium (86.7%) followed by Knudson C modified Morel medium (74%) and Knudson C medium (61.2%). Among the cytokinins tried for multiple shoot induction from the protocorm, 1-phenyl-3-(1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-yl)-urea (TDZ) was found to be superior. Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) was effective for inducing healthy roots. Well-developed plantlets were hardened in vermicompost (leaf litter + cow dung 1:1), sand and coconut husk (1:1:1).     

Comparing theoretical irrigation requirement and actual irrigation for citrus in Florida

Florida ranks first in citrus production, with nearly 68% of all U.S. citrus growing in the season 2005-2006. Most of the citrus groves are located from central to south Florida, and agricultural irrigation permitting is regulated by three of Florida's five water management districts. Most of the permitting for citrus production in Highlands, Polk and Hillsborough counties is conducted by the Southwest Florida Water Management District (SWFWMD), and quantities are based on the District's AGMOD computer program. In 2003, the SWFWMD implemented new permit criteria so that permitted amounts were more representative of actual water use. This paper compares grower reported citrus irrigation water use in Highlands, Polk and Hillsborough counties from 1994 through 2005 with permitted and theoretical irrigation requirements calculated by a daily water balance. Two different sets of crop coefficients (K_c's) developed for citrus in Florida were compared in the daily soil water balance calculation of theoretical irrigation requirements. The percentage of irrigated area considered in this study ranged from 40 to 60% to simulate a range of grower practices. Meteorological data from two weather stations and additional rainfall information from 50 locations within the three counties was used in the water balance. Missing and error values in the meteorological historical record data were filled with weather generators. The multiannual average water consumption (including cold protection water use) from growers ranged from 243 (Hillsborough) to 406 mm (Highlands) and the multiannual average permitted irrigation requirement (without cold protection) ranged from 295 to 557 mm. The simulated gross irrigation requirements under different scenarios of location-K_c-wetted area were variable but mostly lower than the limits established by the district, except for some scenarios in Polk County, whose maximum simulated irrigation value reached 578 mm year⁻¹. In general, permitted limits recommended by the SWFWMD seem to be reasonable for the actual water use by growers in these counties.     

Livestock water productivity in mixed crop–livestock farming systems of the Blue Nile basin: Assessing variability and prospects for improvement

Water scarcity is a major factor limiting food production. Improving Livestock Water Productivity (LWP) is one of the approaches to address those problems. LWP is defined as the ratio of livestock’s beneficial outputs and services to water depleted in their production. Increasing LWP can help achieve more production per unit of water depleted. In this study we assess the spatial variability of LWP in three farming systems (rice-based, millet-based and barley-based) of the Gumera watershed in the highlands of the Blue Nile basin, Ethiopia. We collected data on land use, livestock management and climatic variables using focused group discussions, field observation and secondary data. We estimated the water depleted by evapotranspiration (ET) and beneficial animal products and services and then calculated LWP. Our results suggest that LWP is comparable with crop water productivity at watershed scales. Variability of LWP across farming systems of the Gumera watershed was apparent and this can be explained by farmers’ livelihood strategies and prevailing biophysical conditions. In view of the results there are opportunities to improve LWP: improved feed sourcing, enhancing livestock productivity and multiple livestock use strategies can help make animal production more water productive. Attempts to improve agricultural water productivity, at system scale, must recognize differences among systems and optimize resources use by system components.