Sap flow in ‘Hass’ avocado trees on two clonal rootstocks in relation to xylem anatomy

The rates of sap flow and xylem vessel features were studied in two-year-old nongrafted and grafted avocado (Persea americana Mill.) trees. Daily sap flow rates were measured with heat and balance stem gauges in clonal Duke 7 (D7) and Toro Canyon (TC) trees and ‘Hass’ clonal scions grafted onto clonal D7 (H/D7) and TC (H/TC) rootstocks. Vessel features as size, number and total vessel area were determined histologically in the stem of the scion and rootstock and the roots of the grafted trees. Significant differences in the sap flow rate were found among the rootstocks, where D7 had a 29% higher sap flow rate than did TC (grafted and nongrafted trees). There were no differences among xylem vessel features in the stems of any of the varieties. However in the roots, D7 had wider and fewer vessels then TC do. Also, D7 had a 19% higher total vessel area than TC. These results suggest that the differences in water consumption of ‘Hass’ on different rootstocks may be associated with differences in the efficiency of the roots to absorb water across conductive tissue which may be linked to differences in the area of xylem vessels in the root.     

茎芥菜胞质四倍体白菜雄性不育系花药发育的研究

 以茎芥菜胞质雄性不育系与四倍体白菜杂交获得的同源四倍体白菜异源胞质雄性不育系及其保持系为材料,采用形态学和石蜡切片方法研究其花药解剖结构及发育。结果表明：该雄性不育为结构性雄性不育,其退化或畸形雄蕊分为5种类型：盾状雄蕊、条状雄蕊、片状雄蕊、羽状雄蕊和瓣状雄蕊。该雄性不育系花药发育败育有两个时期,盾状雄蕊花药败育于孢原细胞分化期,雄蕊整个发育时期均处在孢原细胞分化期,无绒毡层与花粉母细胞的分化,不形成药室,属孢子体败育型;其它类型雄蕊,花药败育发生在雄蕊原基分化时期,由于雄蕊原基偏离正常的分化轨道,形成瓣状化雄蕊。     

基于双目立体视觉的苗期玉米株形测

将田间正常生长的待测玉米植株带土移至测定台上,标定双目立体视觉系统,提取、分割叶片图像,以Douglas-Peucker多边形法逼近叶片边缘,去除两幅对应图像中没有匹配关系的多边形顶点,结合投影矩阵计算出叶片边缘点的三维坐标.分别投影叶片边缘点到植株平面和植株水平平面,对投影的离散点分段二次拟合、Cardinal样条插值,得到代表叶片形状的曲线,计算出叶长、叶片着生高度、茎叶夹角、叶片方位角等株形指标.测量实验表明,本方法快速、准确、自动化程度高,能够满足苗期玉米株形测量的要求.     

基于生物量的冬小麦穗部主要形态参数模型

冬小麦穗部形态结构模型是功能–结构小麦模型的重要研究内容。以济麦22、泰农18和鲁原502为材料,于2013—2014和2014—2015年度开展了品种和施氮试验。结合2013—2014年数据,分析穗部主要形态参数与器官生物量的定量关系及形态参数间的内在联系,构建了冬小麦穗部主要形态结构模型。经2014—2015年小麦生长数据检验,除穗长模型精度略低外,穗宽、穗厚、颖壳长、颖壳宽、颖壳厚、籽粒长、籽粒宽和籽粒厚模型精度均较高,所建模型可较好模拟不同品种与施氮水平冬小麦穗部主要形态结构。     

The roles of light and pericarp on seed dormancy and germination in feral Raphanus sativus (Brassicaceae)

The timing of seed germination may determine the success of a weed species in an agroecosystem, and its expression is modulated by environmental conditions, but also by seed physiology and anatomy. The aims of this study were to investigate the roles of light, pericarp, dry storage and cold stratification on seed dormancy and germination in feral radish, a troublesome agricultural weed in temperate zones of the Americas that reduces crop yields. To this end, we used isolated intact pods and extracted seeds to test germination over time under contrasting temperature, light and storage conditions. Here, we showed that fresh seeds were non‐dormant, but that light and the presence of the pericarp reduced germination, especially under low temperatures. The pericarp reduced the final water content absorbed by seeds inside pods and decreased absorption/dehydration rates. The pericarp showed several small lignified cell layers in the endocarp, and x‐ray images displayed the lack of space between the partially embedded seed and the endocarp. Dry storage and cold stratification were ineffective in breaking the dormancy imposed by the pericarp. The apparent requirement for darkness and the mechanical restriction of the pericarp may have the potential to induce dormancy, spreading the timing of seed germination over a more extended period and hindering the control of feral radish.     

田间枣树叶片复杂目标图像综合分割方法

设计了一种复杂图像分割的综合算法。首先对图像进行预处理,锁定大致目标范围,对图像进行增强,再基于阈值分割和Canny算子对图像进行初步分割。然后结合形态学处理方法及各种逻辑运算对分割结果进行优化处理,得到精确完整的目标图像。以田间枣树叶片图像为例进行实验,证明了该算法的可行性和有效性。该算法对叶片重叠、叶片灰度不均匀等复杂图像都有很好的分割效果,获得了边缘清晰、平滑、定位精确的边缘图像。     

基于自适应全局阈值融合标记的遥感图像建筑群分割

针对分割遥感图像建筑群时,标记不完全所产生的过分割和欠分割并存问题,提出一种基于自适应全局阈值融合标记的图像分割算法.该算法根据建筑群的分布和纹理特点,利用小波变换提取图像梯度,通过形态学重构对梯度图像进行滤波;采用局部极小值法提取背景标记,并应用自适应全局阈值法提取建筑群标记.采用逻辑运算进行标记融合,用融合后的标记修改加权像素的Sobel梯度图实现精准分割.实验结果表明,该算法能够弥补形态学滤波梯度图的局部极值标记不足问题,抑制了建筑群的过分割和欠分割,准确地将建筑群从背景中提取出来,分割正确率达到90.7％.     

半干旱黄土区沙棘的水分生理生态与形态解剖学特性研究

1986～1997年在半干旱黄土区的陕西吴旗、安塞县和宁夏固原县,对沙棘进行了蒸腾、净初级生产量、土壤水分等生理生态和形态解剖学特性研究。试验结果表明:沙棘每生产lg地上干物质,总耗水量为711～829g,其中蒸腾耗水量为551～654g,该地区荒山植被生产lg地上干物质蒸腾耗水量为343～709g,总耗水量却达2540～4501g。水分利用效率为1.21～1.53g/（m²·mm）,是荒山植被的3.1～6.4倍。沙棘水分利用效率较高,水分生产潜力较大。观察沙棘叶、根具有耐大气干旱、耐高温和水湿的形态解剖学特性,说明沙棘有较强的生态适应性。因而在半干旱黄土区的荒山、荒沟,营造沙棘林,能有效利用水土资源,这是快速治理荒山,提高土地生产力的有效途径之一。     

非洲鸵鸟冠状动脉的解剖观察

采用血管铸型和组织透明方法对6羽非洲鸵鸟心脏冠状动脉的分支分布情况进行了研究,试验结果表明,非洲鸵鸟心脏左、右冠状动脉均开口于同侧主动脉窦内;左冠状动脉分为浅支(旋支)和深支(前降支),浅支先分出左心房支布于左心房,主干分支分布左心室的左缘壁和隔壁及右心室隔壁的部分;深支又依次分出动脉圆锥支、左缘支和前室间隔支,动脉圆锥支分布动脉圆锥及肺动脉干,左缘支分支分布于左室侧壁,前室间隔支分布于室间隔前1／3部,前降支主干分支分布于左心室前壁,右冠状动脉也分为浅支(旋支)和深支,浅支分出窦房结支和右心房支,主干延续为右室后支,窦房结支分布于窦房结和升主动脉,右心房支分布于右心房,右室后支分布于右心室的隔壁;深支分出后室间隔支,主干延续为右室前支,后室间隔支分布于室间隔后2／3部,右室前支分布于右心室前壁及心右缘壁。